ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEpidemiologic approaches to improved understanding of the several reactions observed in cotton processors began in 1955 with Schilling's symptom classification of Monday‐morning chest tightness. To date, epidemiologic studies have identified the importance of increasing years of exposure to the development of both specific and nonspecific chronic respiratory symptoms and of acute change in pulmonary function. The few longitudinal studies suggest similar associations with accelerated loss of pulmonary function. Respirable dust level has been associated, cross‐sectionally, with symptoms and with acute function change, but studies have not yet been made with sufficient prospective collection of both exposure and health effects data to estimate accurately the association of continued exposure with accelerated loss of lung function or development of disability. Furthermore, there has been very limited field study comparing exposure to respirable dust distinguished from exposure to endotoxin. With careful attention to features of study design and analytic plans, investigators can take advantage of simple technology to examine the fate of the acute responder, the potential for recovery if exposure is reduced or ceased, and the long‐term dose response relationship between different cumulative measures of exposure and chronic di

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAssessment of concentrations of airborne cotton dust in the factory is necessary to determine adherence to applicable Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) on a day‐to‐day basis, as well as for investigatory studies of an epidemiological nature. The latter are required on an ongoing basis to determine the adequacy of PELs to prevent disease in the exposed population. A strategy of sampling includes considerations of the numbers of samples to be obtained for statistical validity and the locations of samples. Current practice is to obtain more “personal samples” of exposure wherever possible, but with regard to cotton dust, instrumentation is not available for such sampling. In the U.S., the vertical elutriator is the instrument of choice for determining the concentrations of cotton dust in air. Results are expressed as milligrams of airborne particulate (cotton dust) per cubi

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGram‐negative bacteria and their endotoxins are present on all parts of the cotton plant and occur in large numbers after rain or frost. Endotoxins activate pulmonary macrophages that in turn recruit neutrophils into the airways. Platelets accumulate in pulmonary capillaries. The presence of these cells allows for the initiation of acute and chronic inflammation. Dose‐response relationships have been demonstrated between endotoxin and fever, chest tightness, and reduction in air flow (bronchoconstriction) in cotton workers. Limited data suggest that after cotton dust exposure, other symptoms, such as airway hyperreactivity and chronic inflammation, are also related to the endotoxin exposure. Tentative thresholds for airborne endotoxins are presen

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA properly designed respiratory disease monitoring and surveillance program for the effects of cotton dust uses tools similar to those used clinically but provides a different focus—the potential for disease prevention in individuals and the control of excess exposures in groups. Both surveillance and monitoring require the use of standard instruments (questionnaires and pulmonary function equipment) with careful attention to equipment calibration and standard methods for administering tests. Monitoring focuses on the individual to identify early evidence of disease and to detect those subjects who are susceptible even under usually well controlled exposure circumstances. Surveillance is successful when designed to collect information at regular intervals (based on type and level of exposure and previously measured response) and the results are interpreted according to reasonably rigorous criteria. A major additional component is the examination of surveillance results according to groups based on job, exposure, work tenure, and other risk factors (e.g., smoking

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe features of the cotton dust syndrome which need to be considered when formulating a hypothesis on mechanism(s) are: 1) the presence of fever, 2) the “Monday effect,” 3) the slow onset of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) changes, and 4) the presence of bronchitis in chronic sufferers but the absence of emphysema or fibrosis. The main hypotheses concerning the mechanisms are direct release of histamine triggered by cotton dust components, immune reactions (principally antibody mediated) to cotton dust antigens, and inflammatory response(s) triggered by endotoxins released from bacterial contaminants on the dust.While histamine release and immune reactions may occur as a result of cotton dust inhalation, it is suggested that they are of secondary importance in comparison to inflammation. Evidence is reviewed that implicates bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in the dust as the principal etiologic agent in this process. It is postulated that LPS inhalation stimulates a secretory response by lung macrophages, involving the release of effector molecules which trigger coagulation, bronchoconstriction, fever, and mucus production. LPS‐induced macrophage secretory products also promote the local sequestration and activation of both neutrophils and platelets, which serve to amplify the inflammatory response. Evidence is presented implicating both interstitial and alveolar macrophages in this process.The problems associated with the identification of “high risk” groups of cotton workers will be discussed, from a number of viewpoints; consideration will be given to the role of a variety of environmental factors (including tobacco smoking) in this context, as well as possible genetic factors. Regarding genetic predisposition, preliminary evidence will be presented from ongoing studies on the presence of high and low responde

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCotton dust is a heterogeneous mixture of plant parts and contaminants from the soil, weeds, and microorganisms. Research to control byssinosis has focused on methods to reduce the trash associated with harvested fiber and control the dust in the textile mill environment. Dust control has been effective in reducing the prevalence of byssinosis, but because cotton dust is a heterogeneous mixture of components, simple reduction in dust levels does not always assure the prevention of byssinosis. Research to identify the agents that cause byssinosis and development of methods to eliminate those agents from cotton is needed to prevent new cases of byssinosis.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of byssinois was studied in two cotton mills by a standardized questionnaire and pulmonary function measurements (forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FEV1). In mill A, the dust level was high (57‐159 mg/m3). Among 90 participants, 80 were interviewed twice at an interval of 4 months, and disagreement on actual presence or absence of byssinosis was 7.5 percent. Twenty out of ninety workers had complaints of Monday symptoms and the prevalence was 22.2 percent. In mill B, the dust control (6.8 mg/m3) was relatively good. Among 173 participants from the carding room, two had complaints of Monday symptoms and the prevalence was 1.2 percent. A significant correlation was found between duration of employment and prevalence of byssinosis in mill A. FEV1was measured in 9 byssinotics, 29 nonbyssinotics, and 30 controls before and after work on Mondays and Wednesdays. A significant decrease of 177 ml on average (7.8%) was found in byssinotics after work on Monday, whereas in nonbyssinotics, the decrease of FEV1was nonsignificant. In controls, a slight increase in FEV1after work was observe

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700120611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY