摘要:

SummaryMorphological examination of podzol profiles in the Eastern Grampians and lowland Strathmore, together with pollen analyses of hill peat and podzol A horizons, suggest that the podzols of Strathmore have been developed since the post‐glacial climatic optimum, whilst those of the Grampians are much older.On morphological grounds it seems improbable that the indurated B3horizon now found in these podzolic soils could have been present in the high base status brown forest soil profiles which appear to have existed in Strathmore prior to the development of the present‐day podzolic soils.A comparison of the stage of development of the podzol profile with indurated B3, horizon found buried beneath the earth bank around the Roman marching camp at Kirkbuddo in Angus, with the present‐day soil profile, confirms that the development of the indurated B3, horizon is related to the development of the podzol profile. Its origin must be ascribed, therefore, to pedological rather than to periglacial proc

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryHardpan cemented by silica occurs widely in semi‐arid Western Australia below a variety of soils, mainly at shallow depth but more deeply in more permeable soils.Strongly cemented hardpan is widespread on gentle alluvial slopes formed by partial destruction of a lateritized Tertiary land surface; it also occurs in sand plain on remnants of this surface, but occurs only locally in the saline alluvial plains in the lowest areas of interior drainage.Hardpan results from silica cementation and clay deposition. As suggested by Teakle (1936), it may be due to leaching following episodic sheet flooding. Its formation appears to have kept pace with deposition of alluvium, and continues at the present time. Irregularities in or absence of hardpan formation are shown to relate to changes of slope, local drainage, and to certain soil

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySaturated sodium‐pyrophosphate extracts were obtained from samples of Sphagnum‐moss peat, sedimentary peat, fibrous peat, disintegrated peat, and muck and were subjected to electrophoretic separation and analysed for organic matter, polysaccharides, and coloured material. The resulting patterns indicated a marked difference between the muck samples and the peat samples. The high exchange‐capacity values obtained for muck samples were associated with the amount of highly charged material rather than with an increase in the charge density of this material. The muck and the fibrous‐peat samples appeared to be end members in a disintegration and oxidation sequence involving many intermediate

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThree separate soil systems occur on hillslopes near the N.S.W. south coast. The proof of separateness lies in pedologic, stratigraphic, and geomorphological criteria by which the soil layers are shown to be independent entities.The sequence of soil layers is considered to be evidence of a K‐cycle soil history (after Butler, 1959) involving alternating stable and unstable conditions. Evidence suggests that K‐cycle instability (Ku) has resulted from a change to relatively dry climatic conditions and has involved processes such as hillwash, gully erosion, and soil creep; K‐cycle stability (Ks) is characterized by soil development during relatively humid phases. On the south coast the Minnamurra layer (minimal prairie soil) represents the youngest or Klcycle; the Nowra layer (grey‐brown soils) represents the next oldest or K2cycle; the Wandandian layers (red podzolic and yellow podzolic soils) represent the oldest or

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryCyclic terraces and their soils developed in steeply graded drainage areas and gently sloping floodplains at the same time as the K‐cycle soil layers in the adjacent hill country. The K3sediments are by far the greatest in volume while the K2and K1sediments are progressively smaller in volume.Radiocarbon dates for four terrace sites show that the K3cycle commenced 29,000 years ago, the K2cycle 3,740 years ago, the K1cycle 390 years ago, and the present epicycle of erosion K00‐120 years ago. These dates do not correlate with the dates of past climatic events proposed by other Australian workers. They do show, however, that the soils on the N. S.W. south coast are rarely older than late Pleistoc

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA detailed study of the aluminium phosphate ion products in solutions equilibrated with an acid, phosphate‐deficient soil showed that the phosphate status of the undisturbed soil is compatible with the existence of variscite (AIPO4·2H2O) in the soil but produced no evidence that this phase has any effect in controlling the composition of dilute solutions equilibrated with the soil for periods of less than 32 days.When the soil is acidified, subsequent changes in the composition of the solution reflect the dissolution of aluminium hydroxide and decay of the clay minerals. Phosphate additions to the acidified soil are rapidly precipitated, and the final phosphate concentration is less than would be supported by variscite under these more acid conditio

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWater‐suction curves of large‐grained aggregates, when obtained from small samples, often do not represent the true moisture characteristics of the material. Gravity segregation of the fluids within the sample may cause the average moisture content to vary significantly from the true value that might be obtained could the measured suction be applied uniformly. A method for correcting these curves was derived to interpret correctly experimental results on such aggrega

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe weathering of several basic igneous rocks of Lower Carboniferous age has been studied by optical microscopy and X‐ray techniques. Although similar in mineralogy, the rocks have different textures and the fine‐grained ones are most resistant to physical disintegration. In every rock, olivine has been affected by hydrothermal alteration to produce layer lattice silicates. The weathering of these products and the other mineral constituents of the rocks is described.The fine‐sand fraction (0·2‐0·02 mm.) was selected for the purpose of determining relative stabilities of the primary minerals under weathering conditions. In order of increasing stability, the arrangement is labradorite, augite, magnetite, ilmenite, and hematite. The silt (0·02‐0·002 mm.) and clay (<1.4 μ) fractions contain saponite and/or vermiculite depending mainly on the weathering conditions of augite and felspar. Kaolin is present in both size fractions but illite is scarce. The cation‐exchange capacity (c.e.c.) of both silt and clay fractions is consistent in most cases with the layer lattice s

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA study has been made of the adsorption of inositol phosphates and β‐glycerophosphate by soil clays and minerals in a wide range of acid media.Of the adsorbents tested, the most active were boehmite, a soil clay with a high sesquioxide content, ferric oxide gel, and montmorillonite.Generally, in the case of the inositol phosphates, the higher the number of phosphate groups in the molecule, the greater was the degree of adsorption. There were exceptions in the case of some of the ferric hydroxide‐inositol phosphate systems.Adsorption of inositol hexaphosphate was favoured in two distinct acid media, at pH 3 to 4, and in acid of concentration about 0·1N. Montmorillonite was reactive at pH about 4, apparently owing to its content of active aluminium; X‐ray examination gave no indication that an ordered clay‐organic complex was formed. Montrnorillonite, kaolinite, and an illitic soil clay sorbed negligible amounts of the ester in strongly acid media. Ferric oxide gel removed considerable amounts of inositol hexaphosphate from strongly acid solution, presumably partly by adsorption, and partly by precipitation of insoluble salts or complexes of the ester. At pH 3 to 4 the gel was relatively ineffective, Boehmite was very reactive over a wide range of acid concentrations, from pH 4 down to concentrations of 4N with respect to hydrochloric acid; greatest sorption occurred at pH about 1. The sesquioxide rich soil clay had a high sorption capacity for inositol hexaphosphate in a wide range of acid concentrations. Removal of active iron and aluminium destroyed its activity at pH 4, but the clay was still reactive at pH 1.Inositol mono‐, di‐, and triphosphates were adsorbed by boehmite to a greater extent in IN HCl than in 0·1N HCl. This was true also of β‐glycerophosphate which was sorbed to a greater extent at pH 2·4, and in IN HCl than in 0·1N HCl.The adsorption of phosphate esters in equivalent concentrations of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids was often

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOrganic phosphate values for thirty‐four Scottish surface soils were obtained by an ignition method, by two standard extraction methods, and by a modified extraction procedure designed to decrease hydrolysis of acid labile phosphate esters.The extraction method of Saunders and Williams tended to be superior to that of Mehtaet al.with acid soils, and inferior with calcareous soils, although in many cases the values obtained are similar. A modification of the Mehta method, involving extraction of the soil with alkali before as well as after acid treatment, caused less hydrolysis than the standard method with acid soils, and gave the highest average values for the soils as a whole. Attempts to increase the efficiency of the standard extraction procedures by varying the nature of the acid pre‐treatments were unsuccessful.Ignition values are usually greater than the highest extraction values, but in more than half the soils the differences are small and unimportant. Because there is no direct evidence to show that ignition gives results which are erroneously high, and since the ignition procedure is rapid and easy to perform, it is considered to be the most useful for the general analysis of Scottish so

ISSN:0022-4588    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1962.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY