摘要:

Summary:Death and disease greatly influenced the development of the first Australian settlements but no detailed study of mortality over the critical years 1788–1792 has previously been made. Mortality was virtually confined to three distinct “epidemics”, each with different characteristics, and none related to the phases of severe rationing. The first epidemic occurred in the first months of the colony and affected both children and adults. The second, associated with the arrival of the notorious Second Fleet, was limited to the months of July and August 1790 and to adults. The third extended for a year after the arrival of the Third Fleet between July and September 1791; both children and adults died. Mortality after arrival amongst convicts on any individual ship was not related to the morbidity or mortality experience of the outward voyage. Convicts already in the settlement were little if at all affected by the second or third epidemics. After eighteen months in the colony, male survival rates from the time of embarkation were 91%, 57% and 74% for the three fleets. Contemporary records are reviewed in an attempt to establish the causes of mortality and to explain the epidemiological data, including the low mortality in inter‐epidemic

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:An epidemiological survey was conducted in a part‐Aboriginal community to assess nutritional status with particular reference to vitamins. Multiple subclinical vitamin deficiencies were found throughout all age groups. In particular children below three years and women of child bearing age had low blood vitamin levels. Twenty‐three per‐cent of these children exhibited growth retardation, fifty‐two percent iron deficiency anaemia and fifty percent parasitic infestation of the intestine. Suggestions are made about how to improve the vitamin intake of the community. It is anticipated that these data will be the basis for a longitudinal study of the effect of fortified bread on the nutritional state of this co

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:The nature and extent of the variability associated with L‐dopa absorption has been investigated in 49 fasting healthy volunteers. Blood level profiles of dopa were obtained on 66 occasions after the ingestion of 1 gm of a solid dosage form of the drug.There were no significant differences in L‐dopa absorption from three formulations used in the study. However, there were large differences in the ability of individuals to absorb the drug intact.Peak plasma concentrations of dopa ranged from 0.25 to 2.42μg/ml and occurred from 30 minutes to 4 hours after ingestion. In 40 percent of trials, there were two or more peaks of dopa concentration. Overall bioavailability, as indicated by the computed area under the plasma level curve, was also very variable. There appeared to be greater variability between individuals than between separate trials on the same individual.The mechanism of L‐dopa absorption and the likely contribution of gastric emptying to the observed variability are dis

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:The role of gastric emptying in the bioavailability of L‐dopa has been investigated using metoclopramide pre‐treatment to stimulate gastric and intestinal motility. Plasma level profiles of dopa were determined in 12 healthy subjects and in one patient with Parkinson's disease.Three effects of metoclopramide on L‐dopa absorption were observed. The rate of absorption was increased, irregular absorption was almost completely eliminated and the overall absorption of unchanged drug was increased. Similar effects were seen in the normal subjects and in a patient on chronic treatment.The effects of metoclopramide were most likely due to the rapid delivery of ingested L‐dopa from the stomach into the small intestine. It is suggested that absorption of the drug from the small intestine is rapid because of the presence of an active transport mechanism. Further, the increased overall absorption of the drug after metoclopramide suggested that ‘first pass’ metabolism of L‐dopa was more readily saturable than its intestinal tra

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:The protein binding of salicylate in normal human serum has been measured by equilibrium dialysis and an isotope method. Addition of indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone and warfarin in concentrations of 10 mg/100 ml displace a significant amount of salicylate bound to albumin. By the same technique salicylate was found to increase the concentration of free warfarin and phenylbutazone. At concentrations of drugs achieved clinic‐ally there is an increase in free salicylate of between 6 and 10% with ibuprofen and up to 20% with phenylbutazone. Although this is a staticin vitrostudy and therefore not directly applicablein vivoit is suggested that there is a need for the potential enhancement of therapeutic and toxic effects of anti‐inflammatory drug combinations to be more widely apprecia

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Azathioprine and cyclophosphamide in doses of 200 mg/day for a proposed duration of one year were compared as adjuncts to prednisolone in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in relapse, in a model trial designed to extract maximum information by using multiple indices in few patients. Neither drug proved clearly superior. The possibly greater effectiveness of cyclophosphamide was attributed to a relatively higher effective dosage; however this was offset by more frequent side effects, and in particular the planned 12 months' course of therapy was completed by only one of five cyclophosphamide‐treated patients as compared with four of five azathioprine‐treated patients. Continuing the trial by including more patients or prolonging treatment was not likely to have yielded additional information. This study on SLE in relapse indicated, at most, that azathioprine and cyclophosphamide may have an accessory role in therapy of this disease, for prednisolone‐sparing ef

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Parotid saliva was collected from 159 normal children with ages ranging from four to 12 years, from 58 children (patients) presenting with atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis and from 39 of the patients' parents. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and albumin values were determined in each specimen using a single radial diffusion method followed by radioactive labelling.The values for the control children showed no systematic variations with age or sex, and frequency distributions plotted logarithmically approximated to ‘normal’curves. The mean and standard deviation were 22 ± 14μg/ml for IgA, and 0.26 ± 0.19μg/ml for albumin, but correlation between these two parameters was low (r = 0.24).The frequency distributions of salivary albumin values for the patients and their parents also approximated to ‘normal’curves, but the curve for the patients' salivary IgA values showed an excess of extreme values compared with the controls.Although girls predominated among the patients (35 girls to 23 boys) there were fewer girls with silavary IgA values below 10μg/ml(7 girls to 11 boys) and many more with values above 30μg/ml (12 girls to 3 boys). One Girl and three boys had both serum and silavary IgA values less than two standard deviation below the geometric means, but the correlation between serum and salivary IgA values in the order patients and in 22 control children was low.It is concluded that children presenting with superficial mycobacterial lymphadenits include more than one group aith high normal IgAs in which girls heavil

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Nine cases of Goodpasture's syndrome are reviewed. There has been an apparent change in some aspects of this syndrome since earlier reports. In particular there is less male predominance, a longer survival time and a greater chance of recovery. Various forms of therapy are discussed. In seven treated cases with serial renal biopsy or post mortem specimens, semi‐quantitative analysis indicated a lessening of disease activity and a tendency towards histological healin

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:Testicular function has been evaluated in six patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance dialysis. Spermatogenesis was impaired in six patients when quantitative cytological study of the testicular biopsy was employed. This impairment was mild in one patient, moderately severe in two and extreme in the remaining three patients. Concomitant elevation of serum FSH levels as measured by specific radio‐immunoassay was associated only with the most severe impairment of spermatogenesis. Serum LH levels were elevated in the majority of patients and plasma testosterone levels were low in 50%. It is concluded that chronic renal failure significantly decreases testicular function, especially spermatogenesi

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary:A family is described with two rare familial traits — bisalbuminaemia and a platelet defect. These disorders segregated together through two generations. The abnormal albumin migrated more slowly than the normal band and had a greater binding affinity for thyroxine, but bound Bromophenol blue dye poorly. The platelet defect manifested as thrombocytopenia in one generation, and as a qualitative defect in the other, characterised by impaired platelet aggregation in response to collagen. Plasma from patients with bisalbuminaemia augmented the rate of platelet sedimentation when blood was centrifuged but did not inhibit the response of normal platelets to aggregants. It is suggested that this family demonstrates a linkage of two rare, genetically deter‐mined, disord

ISSN:0004-8291    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1974.tb03169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY