摘要:

A questionnaire was sent to fish and wildlife agency directors in each state to determine current agency policies on the use of explosives for legitimate purposes within waters under their jurisdiction. Questions targeted three areas of concern for fish and wildlife agencies: (1) what type of permit, if any, was required; (2) what information did the agency provide to the applicant; and (3) what mitigative techniques were required of the applicant by an agency or recommended to protect aquatic life from explosive pressures. Thirty-three state natural resource agencies require permits. Only two states, Oregon and Pennsylvania, have permit application forms specific to underwater explosive use and natural resource protection. Only five states provide an information package to the blaster. Seventeen mitigation measures were identified. They fall into three general categories: (1) review of the explosive design and provide mitigation recommendations based on that design; (2) evaluation of the potential impact and mitigative recommendations based on biological considerations; and, (3) evaluation of potential impact and require physical measures (e.g., bubble curtains, physical barriers, etc.) to minimize impacts. Each mitigation recommendation is reviewed based on existing literature and/or the physics of explosions. General mitigation recommendations are provided.

ISSN:1064-1262    

DOI:10.1080/10641269891314302

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This is a critical review of the global distribution, sources of variation in toxicity, anatomical partitioning, metabolism, and detoxification kinetics of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (carbamate, TV-sulfocarbamoyl, and decarbamoyl saxitoxin derivatives) in bivalve molluscs. Marked interspecific differences in toxin accumulation are related to differences in toxin sensitivity, determined from neurological, physiological, and behavioral responses. Toxicity also varies considerably with body size, immersion time, off-bottom position, and over distances ≤1 km. Bivalve species can be broadly classified as rapid (e.g.,Mytilus eduJis) or slow detoxifiers (e.g.,Placopecten mageJJanicus). The former takes weeks to detoxify to the regulatory level (up to 15% toxin loss day−1); the latter takes months to years to detoxify (≤3% loss day−1). Toxin biotransformation, which may lead to changes in net toxicity, varies greatly among species. A few clam species, such asProtothaca stamineaandSpisula solidissima, exhibit rapid enzymatic decarbamoylation, whereas other bivalves (e.g.,Mya arenariaandM. edulis) show limited toxin metabolism and thus are useful indicators of the toxigenic source. Pronounced changes in toxin composition occur when algae are rich in low-potency,N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins. Analysis of toxin composition and relative toxin levels of viscera and other tissues can be used to predict the timing of toxic blooms. This review highlights information required to select aquaculture species and effectively manage stocks in PSP-affected areas. Caveats in the interpretation of existing data and needs for future research are identified.

ISSN:1064-1262    

DOI:10.1080/10641269891314294

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor