摘要:

Eight giant clam species have been overfished for meat and shells throughout their tropical Indo‐Pacific distributions. The 1960s through the 1980s were particularly severe for the two largest species, due in part to international poaching for their adductor muscle meat. Low densities, erratic recruitment, and a relatively long period to reach harvestable size make these populations prone to overfishing. Declining giant clam stocks and local extinctions were a major stimulus for research into mariculture methods. The life cycles of most species are well understood and a variety of mariculture methods have been developed. However, heavy mortality of the early juvenile stages remains a problem. Recent research has revealed new aspects of giant clam biology, such as the housing of their symbiotic zooxanthellae in a unique complex diverticulum of the stomach. Research has quantified dual modes of nutrition (photosynthates from zooxanthellae and effective filter feeding) that give giant clams a nutritional and growth advantage over normal heterotrophic bivalves. Whereas the economics of giant clam farming have been demonstrated, commercial farming is still in its infancy. Conservation measures, such as the development of marine reserves, establishing breeding aggregations, and restocking wild populations with cultured clams, have only been attempted to a limited extent.

ISSN:1064-1262    

DOI:10.1080/10641269409388557

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The damage to marine resources caused by red tides represents a serious problem for fisheries and allied industries. In Japan, most fish farms have suffered heavy losses from red tides of the dinophyteGymnodinium nagasakienseand of the raphidophytesChattonella antiqua, C. marina, andHeterosigma akasbiwo. Therefore, an extensive series of studies has been conducted in Japan. Elucidation of the mechanisms of outbreak of harmful red tides associated with fish kills and the development of countermeasures for these red tides are urgently needed. Recently,Heterosigmared tides have caused severe losses for salmon culture operations in several places around the world. The development of fish farming and the progress of eutrophication on a global scale will accelerate the incidence of harmful red tides. This article is a review of the physiological ecology of these organisms and of the techniques proposed inJapanto predict the outbreaks of harmful red tides in areas that have experienced damage from them.

ISSN:1064-1262    

DOI:10.1080/10641269409388558

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Collectors have been used successfully to catch the puerulus stage of spiny (rock) lobsters to provide animals for study in the laboratory, to investigate levels of puerulus settlement, and for mariculture purposes.

ISSN:1064-1262    

DOI:10.1080/10641269409388559

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor