摘要:

AbstractAn index allowing the assessment and comparison of the toxic potential of industrial effluents is described. Integrating the results of practical small‐scale screening bioassays (Photobacterium phosphoreumMicrotox® test.Selenastrum capricornutumgrowth inhibition microtest,Ceriodaphnia dubialethality and reproduction inhibition tests,Escherichia coligenotoxicity SOS Chromotest), this index takes into account persistence of toxicity, (multi) specificity of toxic impact, as well as effluent flow. The resulting Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP) index number is reflected by a log10value that varies from 0 to infinity but normally will not surpass a value of 10. The structure of the mathematical formula generating PEEP values is simple and “user friendly” in that it can accommodate numbers and types of bioassays to fit particular needs. Thirty‐seven effluents from 8 industrial sectors (pulp and paper, petroleum refining, inorganic/organic chemical production, mining, metallurgy, metal plating, textile production) were appraised and compared with the proposed PEEP scale. The pulp and paper sector effluents (n= 15) markedly stood out from the others owing to their greater toxicity and higher discharge volume, with reported PEEP values lying between 4.4 and 7.5. For most of these effluents, toxicity was found to be persistent, multitrophic (i.e., affecting our bacterial, algal, and crustacean bioindicators), and it expressed itself at all levels of assessment (i.e., lethal, acute sublethal, chronic sublethal, and genotoxic levels). The usefulness of the PEEP index in the environmental management of industrial effluent toxicity is discussed herein. © 1993 John Wiley&

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMost seafoods available to the U.S. public are wholesome and unlikely to cause illness in the consumer. Nevertheless, there are areas of risk. The major risk of acute disease is associated with the consumption of raw shellfish, particularly bivalve molluscs. For persons living in tropical areas, there is a risk of ciguatera; other natural toxins (paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, etc.) have been associated with shellfish from endemic areas. Finally, there are less well‐defined risks of acute and chronic disease related to environmental contamination of aquatic food animals. Dealing with such risks on a short‐term basis requires improvements in the present system of regulatory control. In the long term, amelioration and eventual elimination of some hazards require strengthening and more effective application of control measures to prevent the disposal of human and industrial waste into offshore marine and fresh waters. © 1993 John Wiley&Sons,

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an effort to determine whether heat‐shock proteins might serve as useful indicators of environmental stress, the aquatic bacterium,Alcaligenes eutrophusJMP228, was exposed to two chemical stressors: a toxic heavy metal ion, cadmium, and a nonbiodegradable organic herbicide, 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T). Protein synthesis was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, comparing the protein patterns of chemically stressed cells to those exhibited by nontreated and heat‐shocked cells. Heat‐shock proteins were produced in response to both chemical stressors and heat. Proteins induced in response to all three experimental stresses include molecules with approximate molecular weights of 58–60 and 106 kDa. Still other stress proteins were only expressed following chemical stress. A 106 kDa protein was only produced following cadmium treatment, whereas proteins of 37, 39, 46, 49, and 77 kDa were only produced in response to 2,4,5‐T. The synthesis of some of the unique stress proteins varied in a dose‐dependent fashion with the concentration of the individual stressors. The presence of these proteins may be useful indicators of the “health” of an environment. © 1993

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChlorine treatment, a commonly used disinfection procedure, was found to produce genotoxic amino acid derivatives. The umu testing usingSalmonella typhimuriumTA1535/pSK1002 carrying theumuC‐lacZ fusion gene, in which genotoxicity can be detected in terms of β‐galactosidase activity, was used to examine chlorine‐treated amino acids. Ten of the 14L‐amino acids tested (arginine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine) showed genotoxicity after reaction with chlorine, while alanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine did not. © 1993 John Wiley&

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe toxicity of 14 substituted anilines and 15 aliphatic alcohols was assessed by the electrorotation of yeast cells. Depending on the applied frequency, control cells exhibit both anti‐ and cofield rotation. From this spectrum, a frequency was selected at which untreated cells do not rotate, but impaired cells rotate with the field. The experimental spectra are fully in accord with theoretical models of the rotational response, calculated on the basis of changes in membrane permeability. High correlations exist between rotational data and physiological and biochemical end points (growth rate, plasma membrane ATPase, purine transport of yeast cells, and antihemolytic assays with human erythrocytes). A Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship analysis was made, whereby rotation data from 23 phenols were included. The effects of all chemicals on cell rotation could be predicted by their lipophilicity. Some residuals and deviations could be accounted for by the inclusion of molecular weight or connectivity in the analysis. 4‐Nitrophenol was an outlier, having an effect at least one order of magnitude higher than predicted, suggesting a specific toxic mechanism. Based on lipophilicity and rotation data, the antihemolytic effect on erythrocytes could be accurately estimated. © 1993 John Wiley&Son

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBacterial populations from the main stream of the River Rhine and its plume in the North Sea, the lower course of the rivers Meuse and Scheldt, and various stagnant waters in the Netherlands were exposed to additions of copper in order to analyze differences in sensitivity. Growth rate, measured as thymidine incorporation rate, was generally more sensitive to copper (EC50: 25–310 μg · L−1) than extracellular phosphatase activity, measured as hydrolysis of methylumbelliferin phosphate (EC50: 179–3000 μgl−1). The EC50value for copper‐inhibited growth was correlated with the ambient total copper concentration, but such a correlation was not evident for copper‐inhibited enzymatic activity. Differences in capacity of the waters to chelate an addition of 1000 μg L·−1of copper were estimated by measuring the inhibition ofPhotobacterium phosphoreumin the Microtox test. The growth rate of bacteria in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the Rhine showed an increasing tolerance to copper, concurrent with increased input of copper and increasing concentrations of suspended matter in the river. It is indicated in this study that part of the differences in sensitivity of bacterial communities is caused by the chemical conditions (i.e., by complexation), but biological differences in tolerance to copper, possibly induced by pollution, were also indicated. © 1993 J

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPollution of the marine environment by the antifouling organotin compounds such as tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is of concern to the public health and ecosystem stability. Consequently, there is a need to develop means for the decontamination of tin‐intoxicated biota.In the present study, we usedEuglena gracilisZ as a model organism to investigate the effect of various pretreatments on the restoration of TBTCl intoxicated cells. A brief exposure ofEuglenacells to TBTCl (5 × 10–4−10−6M), cells were found to change their shape into cyst form, and became almost inactive within a few minutes. TBTCl was rapidly incorporated into theEuglenacell, and was largely located in the cytosol + microsomes fraction. When TBTCl‐intoxicatedEuglenacells were transferred into organotin free medium, TBTCl content in the cells decreased. However, cells neither regained motility nor did their shape return to normal. When the intoxicated cells were incubated in water that was prepared by being loaded with high voltage condenser electric potential of 12 kV for 70 h, the cells regained motility, and their shape returned to almost normal by excluding tin prior to regaining motility. The study results may lead to a practical means for the decontamination of polluted biota. © 1993 John Wile

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractToxicity screening of sediments, suspended sediments, soils, and solid wastes is becoming increasingly important in environmental studies. To date toxicity testing of sediments, suspended sediments, soils, and solid wastes has almost always been performed on exudates, water, and/or solvent extracts. These procedures are often complicated, labor intensive, and expensive. This report describes a simple, quick, inexpensive qualitative/ semiquantitative direct sediment/solid phase toxicity testing procedure (DSTTP) using the Toxi‐Chromotest kit. This procedure only requires the use of a balance, vortex mixer, and a 37°C incubator, and can easily be used under field conditions. The DSTTP measures the available toxicants of the test sediments, suspended sediments, soils, and any other solid wastes without altering the original characteristics of the samples as occurs in extraction and concentration procedures. © 1993 John Wiley&Sons,

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1053-4725    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2530080201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY