摘要:

In the following analysis, we consider the decision of quality challengers to enter (or to not enter) into a campaign against a sitting incumbent. In addition to updating the literature on challenger quality, the analysis adds to the existing literature in the following ways: (1) it provides a more thorough examination of the determinants of challenger quality; (2) it pays special attention to the manner in which these factors influence the decision making of strategic politicians; and (3) it employs more than a single measure of challenger quality. We find that while the presence of a quality challenger appears to be determined primarily by the results of the previous election, the pool of quality candidates, national partisan tides, and the amount of money in the incumbent's campaign war chest also factor into the decision of a quality challenger to enter the electoral arena.

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research uses NORC surveys from 1972 to 1991 to examine changes in political party identifications, liberalism‐conservatism identifications, and issue stands among citizens in the 20–29 age category. During this time, young people became more likely to label themselves as Republicans and as conservatives. Young people remained fairly stable in their views on certain issues (e.g., political tolerance, social welfare), but they became more conservative on some issues—especially crime issues. At the same time, they became more liberal on racial and sexual equality issues. Party identifications have not become more linked to issue stands, but the linkage between party identification and presidential voting became stronger from 1972 to 1991 among the

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00329.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While politicians and political scientists have debated the nature and fate of American political parties for over 200 years, the increasing involvement of the Supreme Court over the past two decades marks a new development in this dialogue. Scholars have disagreed about the implications of judicial involvement, but many have concluded that the Court is becoming increasingly sympathetic to partybuilding efforts. This analysis explores the theoretical orientation toward parties evidenced in the Supreme Court decisions on political patronage. It demonstrates that while these cases were framed as First Amendment disputes, the decisions were predicated on progressive reform values and a nonpartisan model of democracy. This raises a number of questions with regard to the Court's support for stronger parties and the appropriateness of using the judicial forum to determine the role of political parties in American governance.

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00330.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper we explore the factors leading to negative voting in presidential elections, using a national survey of the United States during the 1992 presidential campaign. Negative voting is voting against the opponent, rather than for one's preferred candidate. Based on past research, we explore three propositions: Negative voting is a function of dissatisfaction with the incumbent president's job performance; negative voting is a function of cross‐pressures among voting cues experienced by the voter; and negative voting is a function of disaffection with the political system. Substantial support is found for the first and third propositions, while only moderate support, at best, is found for the second. While we find that negative voting is influenced by individual‐level factors, it is also clear that negative voting flows from dissatisfaction with the larger political system. A multivariate analysis confirms that these systemic factors hold up in the face of controls for the other hypothesized determina

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00331.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The essay is a brief, analytical history of the critical formative years of the new Russian state's foreign policy. The author argues that changes in the Russian Federation's post‐Communist foreign policy take place within definable parameters. These are presented ar an analytical system with five major components: a)Russia's position on nationalism, b) level of world power ambition, c) sphere of influence, d) civilizational orientation, and, e) national political ideology. Each component is a set of competing ideas arranged along a policy spectrum. The Yeltsin administration is placed on each spectrum and is shown debating its foreign policy values with competing views. Yeltsin's foreign policy emerges as the product of an interaction between classical foreign policy analysis and domestic and international political competition. It is seen as progressively adjusting to Eurasian pressures but resisting efforts to abandon the general Western orientation it inherited from the Gorbachev er

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The discipline tends to devise competing theories as opposed to integrated ones. The inquiry is whether there are issue areas in which interest groups and state structures interact with each other to affect the policy making process, and with external political phenomena, such as social movements.This analysis reviews pluralist and statist literature, and examines U.S. asylum policy in terms of interest group activity and state interests. It suggests asylum policy is a “citizenship policy,” or a special category of policies in which four different sets of actors wield their influence: a lead state agency, the appeals agency of the state, citizen groups, and a social movement.The interaction of these factors presents a useful model for understanding policy processes in issue areas concerned with citizenship issues. Citizenship includes the norms that set the relationships between individuals and the state: their rights and duties toward each other. Citizenship issues include immigration and asylum policy. Other citizenship issues are also identif

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study presents the results of a content analysis of the amount, content, and tone of references to the historical parallels of World War II and the Vietnam War in three American newsmagazines' coverage of the Persian Gulf War. The hypothesis that the newsmagazines will be more likely to present the historical parallels of the Gulf War as analogous to World War II than the opposing frame of the Vietnam War is supported by the data. Thus the three newsmagazines were mostly supportive of the historical interpretation of the conflict presented by the Bush administration. A second hypothesis that a “rally‐‘round‐the‐flag” effect will occur as the military build‐up phase of Desert Shield is replaced by the military engagement phase of Desert Storm is not consistently supported by the data. There is also modest variation between the newsmagazines in the degree to which the World War II analogy is accepted and the Vietnam War analog

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study focuses on the convergence of three strains of southern beliefs: views toward women, views toward education, and views toward the military. These beliefs coalesced in the legal battle over the admission of women to the all‐male Virginia Military Institute (VMI). Following the example of those who challenged single sex admissions policies in southern public colleges over the last two decades, women contested the exclusionary admissions policy at VMI. Although the earlier challenges had not always succeeded, by 1990 it seemed likely that law and custom had changed sufufficiently that the federal courts would rule against VMI.After exploring the “southern” view of women, followed by a brief history of women's educational opportunities and the reluctance of the federal courts to depart from the separate but equal doctrine in public higher education, this study will examine the federal court rulings that sanctioned the continuation of sex‐segregated education

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00335.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Jean Franco.Plotting Women: Gender and Representation in Mexico.Oxford Analytica.Latin America in Perspective.Barbara Grosh.Public Enterprise in Kenya: What Works, What Doesn't and Why.Anton Bebler and Jim Seroka, eds.Contemporary Political Systems: Classification and Typologies.James D. Slack.AIDS and the Public Work Force: Local Government Preparedness in Managing the Epidemic.

ISSN:0730-2177    

DOI:10.1111/j.1747-1346.1994.tb00336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY