ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719436

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTSuppression of increased muscle tone by epidural spinal cord stimulation, an invasive method for treating spasticity, increases segmental concentrations of inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters, particularly glycine. The role of glycine in spasticity and spinal shock was explored further in rabbits with ischemic spinal cord injuries that produced spastic paraparesis or flaccid paraplegia. H-reflexes were monitored following posterior tibial nerve stimulation and plantar surface recording. Spasticity was quantified by using H/M ratios. Spastic animals were intrathecaly infused with 100 mmol/l solutions of glycine and related compounds. Glycine agonists suppressed tone whereas glycine antagonists increased tone. In addition, microdialysis sampling from the cord was done in injured, non-infused animals and aspartate, GABA, glutamate, glycine and taurine were measured. Flaccid animals had glycine levels two-three times higher than spastic or control animals. High concentrations of glycine within spinal cord segments is associated with spinal shock. Glycine and related compounds may be useful as treatment for excessive tone.(J Spinal Cord Med,19:215–224)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719437

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTChanges in micturition behavior and motoneuron ultrastructure were studied in spinal cats to determine the effects of direct current (DC) electric field treatment. Adult cats received a complete injury at T8. A treatment group with an implanted 15 pA DC source and electrodes positioned near the lesion site was compared with non-treatment groups that were either operated or unoperated. Both bladder emptying with Crede and the withdrawal reflex were improved in the treatment group compared with the non-treatment group. Urodynamic procedures showed that high urethral resistance and pelvic floor activity following spinal injury was partially reduced in the stimulated cat, indicating inhibition of the urethral sphincter. The ultrastructural analysis of Onuf’s nucleus suggested a similar synaptic input in all three groups. In conclusion, possible activation of inhibitory processes and/or neural plasticity best explain the early improvement of bladder function seen following electrical stimulation.(J Spinal Cord Med19:225–233)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719438

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe raccoon was evaluated as an animal model for upper limb neural prosthetics. This animal was selected primarily because the functional use of its forelimb mimics in many ways the usage in humans and because of its optimal size and commercial availability. Eight cadaver and fresh specimen forearms were dissected. Important characteristics of the raccoon forearm were: 1) large muscles in the volar forearm, 2) large digits in the paw that appear more similar to humans than to other species such as cat or dog, 3) persistence of two median nerve cords into the forearm, 4) no separation of individual tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus in the carpal tunnel, 5) a small thumb digit with little function and 6) a primary origin of flexor policis longus on the proximal ulna with a secondary origin on the radius. Four animals were anesthetized and responses of the forearm and paw to stimulation of the volar forearm muscles with percutaneous electrodes were evaluated. A pair of stimulating electrodes was placed in each of four muscles or muscle groups. Recording electrodes were placed in two muscles which showed the greatest separation of muscle movements to stimulation. Stimulation currents just above threshold produced discrete motion as well as recordable EMG M-waves. Incremental increases in stimulation current produced an increase in M-wave amplitude up,0a maximal stimulating current. Torque recordings for pronation, wrist flexion and finger flexion showed graded and selective responses. These results including anatomical descriptions indicate both the limitations of this animal model and its potential use in the development of upper limb neural prosthetics. We conclude that the raccoon model may be superior to other nonprimate animal models such as the cat because of its extensive forearm and paw movements. (JSpinal Cord Med,19:234–241)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719439

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTFive patients with spinal cord infarction underwent electrophysiologic evaluation. Two subjects with complete paralysis had absent compound muscle action potentials (M-responses), suggesting complete loss of lower motoneurons (LMN). Three subjects with incomplete cord infarction had preserved M-responses, reduced voluntary recruitment and abnormally slow motor-unit firing rates during maximal effort, suggesting upper motoneuron (UMN) weakness. These five Patients demonstrate a range of neuronal damage after cord ischemia. With severe cord infarction, there is LMN degeneration and paralysis. With partial cord infarction, there is selective interneuron loss, resulting in UMN weakness. Electrodiagnostic evaluation can help determine prognosis for motor recovery after spinal cord infarction.(J Spinal CordWed; 19:242–248)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719440

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the bone mineral density in children with spinal cord injury (SCI) with age-and sex-matched controls in three anatomic areas of the proximal hip. In addition,postZiocanalysis looked for differences in bone density between sub-groups considering several factors associated with spinal cord injury: the presence or absence of spasticity, the level of injury and the presence or absence of pathologic fractures. Fifty-one pediatric patients with spinal cord injury between the ages of 3 and 20 underwent bone density measurements using dual photon absorptiometry. Before pooling the data across age groups, all measurements were normalized to age-and sex-matched controls because of increasing bone density with growth and higher bone density in males. The results revealed lower bone densities in subjects with SCI as compared with their non-disabled peers, ranging from 56 percent to 65 percent of normal across the three anatomic regions. On the average, subjects who had a previous history of fractures had significantly lower bone density measurements than those without fractures. At the intertrochanteric region, a 10.6 percent difference was noted between subjects with tetraplegia versus those with paraplegia. At the femoral neck and Ward’s Triangle, an 8.5 percent difference was noted between subjects with and without spasticity. No conclusions could be drawn from the analyses at the other sites. Together these results begin to characterize bone density levels of the pediatric SCI population.(J Spinal Cord Med]19:249–254)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719441

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

ABSTRACTAutonomic hyperreflexia is a condition of massive paroxysmal reflex sympathetic outflow in response to noxious stimuli occurring below the major splanchnic sympathetic outflow in patients with spinal cord injuries. This heightened sympathetic outflow can result in dramatic sudomotor and vasomotor manifestations. The unique nature of this sympathetic-mediated response following traumatic spinal cord injury provides a model for the study of the autonomic nervous system in normal and pathological conditions. A case of autonomic hyperreflexia exacerbating the pain of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a patient with tetraplegia illustrates the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathophysiology of sympathetic-mediated pain and supports current treatment options for these conditions.(J Spinal Cord Med;19:255–257)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719442

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

abstractThe vast majority of cancers that involve the prostate are adenocarcinomas of the duct-acinar secretory epithelium. Other cancers, primarily leukemia and lymphoma, can involve the prostate and lead to an abnormal digital examination or elevated serum prostate specific antigen (PSA). The case discussed is that of a 62 year-old male with T12 complete paraplegia who presented with a persistently elevated PSA and was subsequently diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma involving the prostate. Although rare, leukemia and lymphoma involving the prostate should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients being evaluated for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.(J Spinal Cord Med,19:258–260)

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719443

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719426

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1079-0268    

DOI:10.1080/10790268.1996.11719587

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor