摘要:

A cross sectional study was made of the weighed dietary intake of healthy Asian weanlings aged 4–40 months and living in Sheffield. A weighed 4–(5)‐day dietary inventory was recorded by means of the PETRA recording balance; anthropometric measurements were made, and iron status determined by haematological testing: 194 children were recruited from child‐health clinics, and 120 diet records were reliably completed. Linguistic communication was facilitated by three Asian Link workers.Dietary composition was calculated from a standard food composition programme (Microdiet) with an extended nutrient data base. The mean daily intake of energy, protein and fat, iron and vitamin C was calculated according to age (and sex) grouped into 3‐monthly age brackets from 4 to 24 months and 6‐monthly thereafter. The mean energy intakes were compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and Department of Health (1991) reference data; individual energy intakes were also expressed as ratios of the estimated basal metabolic rate (Black et al., 1991).In older age groups, the mean level of energy intake was lower than FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) recommendations but reasonably close to recommendations based on experimental measurements of energy expenditure (Prentice etal., 1988). When energy intake was expressed as a ratio of estimated BMR [Black et al., 1991), the mode lay between BMR+ 1.25 and BMR+ 1.5.The contribution of protein and of fat to the total energy intake was acceptable. At all ages50% total energy in all age groups<18 months. The observed mean weight and length at each age group suggested that the customary dietary intake had supported reasonable growth.The percentage of dietary energy provided by protein and fat was acceptable at all ages. The observed low intake of dietary iron, largely from non‐haem sources, were associated with a high (34%) prevalence of iron deficiency in these otherwise healthy children (Duggan

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00154.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of special ‘Diabetic’ foods in the diabetic diet is considered and the following conclusions are drawn.1Most diabetic foods provide slightly, but not substantially, less energy than comparable non‐diabetic products.2Many diabetic foods have a higher fat content than their non‐diabetic equivalents. This is contrary to the requirements of the 1984 Food Labelling Regulations.3Many diabetic products have a relatively high content of protein.4In percentage terms, the greatest difference between diabetic and non‐diabetic foods remains that of carbohydrate content, particularly carbohydrate other than fructose or sorbitol. On a per portion basis (for instance per teaspoon of jam) the difference is relatively small and likely to be of minimal practical significance.5Diabetic foods cost between 1.5 and 4 times as much as their non‐diabetic equivalents.6Some ordinary reduced‐sugar/low‐calorie products are preferable to diabetic products in terms of fat and energy content and cost.7The promotion and widespread availability of diabetic foods tend to delude patients into believing that these products are advantageous, or even necessary. Their existence also undermines current dietary teaching by implying that diabetics cannot eat normal foods.8Diabetic foods offer no significant physiological or psychological benefits to diabetic patients and can even be counterproductive to good diabetic control. There is no longer a need for special diabetic foods in the modern dietary managem

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The validity of a quantitative self‐administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was tested by comparison with 7‐d weighed food records (7DWR). Subjects for the study were 24 females between 20 and 43 years of age (mean = 24 years). The main aim of the FFQ was to classify subjects according to their total fat intake.The mean nutrient intakes estimated by the FFQ were consistently and significantly higher than the estimates by the 7DWR. Rank correlations showed that the FFQ was able to rank subjects similarly for total energy intake, fat, alcohol and fibre intake as well as for the percentage contribution of macronutrients to energy intake. Intra‐class correlations showed that the two methods did not agree at the individual level for energy and macronutrient intake except alcohol. These results suggest that the FFQ was suitable for ranking the subjects according to their total fat intake but was not suitable for estimating the individual nutrient intake or average nutrient intake of this relatively small

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Food consumption patterns in the Kilifi District of Kenya are described. Data were collected by 24‐h dietary recalls from 414 individuals, as part of a wider health survey.There was a very strong reliance on one staple, maize; the main supplementary foods being coconut milk, cowpeas, green leafy vegetables and fresh and dried sea fish.Breast feeding was almost universal, with virtually no use of artificial baby milks.The data were recorded as the number of portions of each food eaten daily: the foods were grouped together into ten food groups. Malnourished and well nourished children showed no significant difference in their frequency of intake of individual food groups.A composite figure was devised to reflect the overall adequacy of the diet; this was defined as the proportion of total food portions eaten that were staples. A highly significant correlation was found between this proportion and distance from the coast (r=0.55: P<0.001). This variable also showed a significant negative correlation with stunting (per cent height for age of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) median) (r=0.17; P<0.01) and a positive correlation with wasting (per cent weight for height of the NCHS median) (r‐0.22; P<0.001). After controlling for the confounding factors of age, distance from the coast and malaria endemicity, significant correlations were still seen.The proportion of food portions that were staples was negatively correlated with red‐cell folate levels (r=0.24; P<0.001). For individual food groups, the frequency of intake of beans and fat‐rich foods were positively correlated with red‐cell folate levels and negatively correlated with serum iron levels.Twenty‐four‐h dietary recalls in conjunction with analysis of food portions rather than nutrient values, produced significant correlations with anthropometric and biochemical indices of nutritional status. These results provide some degree of validation for this rapid and relatively cheap method of dietary investigation which would be useful for the assessment of food consumption patterns of groups of people in a community‐base

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

5‐methyltetrahydrofolate, the most bioavailable folate was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography in the British total diet study, a survey designed primarily to monitor food contaminants. A total 5 MeTHF of 130.1 μg(±21.7, n=6) was measured in the food groups which made up the average daily food intake. This value compares well to the estimated average requirement (EAR) of folate recently set by the Department of Health at 150 μg/day. The survey present here is an accurate reflection of folate consumed as all food samples were prepared ready for consu

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A newly developed food frequency questionnaire designed to estimate habitual intake of non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP), intrinsic and extrinsic sugars, starch and alcohol was compared with 4‐d weighed records using the semi‐automatic Petra system in 154 subjects, men aged 40–69 years and women aged 25–69 years. There was no statistical difference between the two methods for average intake of NSP (soluble and insoluble) intrinsic sugar and Vitamin C. Where a significant difference did occur, notably in extrinsic sugar and starch, it did not exceed 12%, the food frequency questionnaire giving the higher result. With most food components, 4547% were classified in the same tertile and only 54% of subjects were classified in opposite tertiles by the two methods. We conclude that this questionnaire is a valid method of assessing habitual intake of these food components in large groups of

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The increasing use of computers in dietetics has been matched by an increase in the number and types of software packages available. The functions which ‘dietetic’ software can carry out vary widely, and certain information is essential for the dietitian looking for a package for clinical or research work.Where dietary analyses are carried out, the number of foods listed in the database and the accuracy with which cooking method, for example, can be specified are vital.This mini‐series of reviews examines several packages on the market. They carry out a variety of tasks, including dietary analyses and menu planning.Demonstration disks can usually be obtained, allowing interested dietitians to examine the package in greater d

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1992.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY