ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and fifty‐one foods were analysed for phytanic acid and 57 foods for free phytol. Foods analysed included examples from all major food groups, beverages and confectionery.No significant amount of phytanic acid was found in any food of purely vegetable origin. The sources of phytanic acid in the UK diet were confirmed to be foods derived from ruminant animals and fish. They include beef, lamb and products containing the milk fats of cows, sheep and goats. All fish were found to contain phytanic acid roughly in proportion to their fat content. Domestic and commercial fat blends containing animal fats (chiefly hydrogenated fish oils) and baked goods made from these fats contained phytanic acid: pure vegetable fat blends and foods containing them did not.Free phytol was found in small amounts in a variety of foods but not in sufficient quantity to warrant the exclusion of any one item from the diet of patients with Refsum's diseas

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four enteral feeding systems were compared in terms of their ability to limit the chance of introducing microbial contamination during the set up of the systems. The systems incorporated a variety of containers and giving sets, thus resulting in different methods of assembly. The systems were tested under ward conditions in two hospitals and under the worst possible conditions in a simulated ward study. The Steriflo system performed best. Even in the worst possible situation, counts remained very low and the number of Steriflo feeds remaining sterile throughout the feeding period was more than 85% (P<0.05). The Bag system performed worst: at the end of the recommended feeding period counts of more than 1000 colony forming units/ml were obtained and the number of sterile feeds was significantly lower than for the other systems (P<0.05). Crown cork bottle and Container performed equally well, but not as well as the Steriflo system. Taking<100 micro‐organisms/ml as a criterion, the differences however were not statistically significant.Decanting of sterile feeds was shown to impose a risk of introducing microbial contaminants to enteral feeds. This however was shown to be strongly dependent on the system design.The results obtained in the hospital trials clearly show that enteral feeding systems can be set up safely when hygienic procedures are followed carefully. When systems were handled with contaminated hands, as simulated in a laboratory trial, the chance of introducing microbial contamination in the feeds increases significantly. Taking into account that hygienic procedures are not always adhered to in hospitals, it is concluded that the Steriflo system offers the best chance, compared with other currently available systems, that enteral feeds will remain microbiologically safe throughout feeding. Practical implications of these findings are discusse

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of dietary supplementation for frail elderly subjects in continuing care was assessed by using nutritional measures of anthropometry and biochemistry and an 8‐week period of nutritional supplementation.Of 20 recruits six died and the remaining subjects were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group were supplemented with a nutritionally complete drink. Build Up, 2 units daily, and up to 1500 k) daily from glucose polymer. Food intake was measured for 3 days at the start and end of the study using validated food‐intake records.Significant differences were seen in anthropometric measures triceps skin fold thickness and arm muscle circumference in the supplemented cohort (P<0.05), but for no other anthropometric and biochemical measures. Glucose polymer intake varied greatly between individuals, range 539–1396 kJ, mean 931 kJ ± 113.7.Before supplementation dietary intake did not reach current recommendations for most nutrients, but after supplementation only vitamin D intake was inadequate. The study concludes a role exists for dietary supplementation in frail elderly, but further studies to outline benefits and optimum methods are re

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As part of a study of risk markers for ischaemic heart disease in Bradford, dietary intakes were assessed for 286 male manual workers of Asian and Caucasian origins using a 3‐day diet diary and a food‐frequency questionnaire.Caucasian men were found to eat more variable diets, the choice of foods being partly dependent on the canteen facilities in the workplace. Processed meat products and sweet baked goods featured almost daily, whereas intake of fresh fruit and salads did not. Most Asian meals followed the traditional pattern of curry (lamb/mutton, chicken, vegetable and occasionally white fish) with chapatis and, less frequently, rice. Salad and yoghurt were often eaten with the curry and fresh fruit was frequently consumed after the meal. Such meals were consumed one or more times per day. Although overall vegetable consumption was of a similar frequency in both ethnic groups, the Asian men ate a greater variety. The frequency of ‘fried food’ consumption was similar for both Asian and Caucasian diets although different types of foods were consumed.These different dietary patterns were reflected in higher estimated intakes of protein and sugar amongst Caucasians and lower intakes of fibre, compared with Asian men. Total fat intakes and P:S ratios were highest in the Hindu group although both Caucasian and Asian men were estimated to consume more total fat than is currently recommended.The results of this study highlight the need for ‘healthy eating’ advice to be designed specifically for the ethnic group in question, rather than for general healthy eating messages to be translated into the appropriate language. Although conducted within one population only, this study should be of interest to all dietitians working in multi‐cultura

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The nutrition knowledge, attitudes and dietary behaviour of a group of women in early pregnancy and a group of non‐pregnant women were compared to ascertain the impact of pregnancy on diet. The main results indicate that pregnant women do eat differently from non‐pregnant women, in particular intakes of zinc and vitamin C, and the nutrient density of protein and sodium were higher and intakes of alcohol lower in the pregnancy group compared to the non‐pregnant group. The group of pregnant women also tended to consume more milk and fruit and less chocolate, cakes and pastries compared to nonpregnant women. However, the differences in dietary behaviour between the two groups could not be accounted for by nutrition knowledge (the same in both groups). Higher scores for beliefs about ‘healthier eating’ and subjective norm were found in the early pregnancy group which might account for some of the observed differences between the groups. In addition, it is concluded that ‘historicity’ or a basic ‘knowledge’ of which foods to consume is prevalent i

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data files of the food intakes of 2705 schoolchildren surveyed in 1983 (DoH, 1989a) were reanalysed to provide an estimate of the total intake of sugars and major sources of sugars in the diet. The relationships between intake of sugars, nutrients and nutrient density were examined by comparing between tertiles, firstly of total sugars (g/day) and subsequently of percentage energy from sugars. The results are presented separately for boys and girls in two age‐groups (10–11 years and 14–15 years). The estimated mean intake of sugars (123 g/day, s.d. 42 g) was equivalent to 23% of dietary energy. Major sources were confectionery (18%), table sugar (16%), cakes and biscuits (13%), milk (10%), soft drinks (9%) and puddings (9%).Nutrient intakes were not significantly lower, and indeed were often higher, in those groups consuming most sugars, by either method of defining tertiles. Energy intake appeared to be the major influence on intakes of nutrients. Nutrient densities (mg or μg/MJ) showed different trends: vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamin concentrations were similar across all tertiles, while those for calcium and riboflavin tended to rise with increasing sugars intake and those for iron and nicotinic acid tended to fall, although not all of these differences were significant in all age/sex groups at the 1% level. There was a significant reciprocal (inverse) relationship between sugars and percentage energy from fat. Iron intakes were low in girls, irrespective of consumption of sugars. These data therefore provide little support for the ‘empty calorie’ hypothesisSchoolchildren with low energy intakes in combination with high proportional intakes of sugar may constitute a theoretical at‐risk group, particularly with regard to iron intake. However, because the possibility cannot be excluded that habitual food intake may be underrepresented in dietary records, further investigation of such groups by methods incorporating clinical/biochemical assessments a

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To compare micronutrient intakes in primary schoolchildren with Dietary Reference Values, dietary intake was investigated in a sample of 136 children from Lothian Region. Most of the children had micronutrient intakes in excess of the reference nutrient intake while the actual percentage of children having intakes below the lower reference nutrient intake was less than predicted. These results suggest that concern regarding the sufficiency of children's diets to provide an adequate intake of micronutrients may be unfounded and that widespread use of vitamin supplementation in this age‐group does not appear to be necessar

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This case study illustrates the effectiveness of dietary advice in a young boy with chronic idiopathic urticaria. An azo dye and preservative‐free diet was initially advised, resulting in a total improvement in urticarial symptoms. Double‐blind challenges confirmed the boy was intolerant to E127 (erythrosine), E122 (carmoisine), 128 (red 2G), and E102 (tartrazine) but not to E211 (sodium benzoa

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY