摘要:

We have developed a guar wholemeal bread and tested its physiological efficacy and sensory qualities. The objective of the study was to estimate the optimum concentration of guar in bread required to reduce postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia without adversely affecting the quality of the bread. Following overnight fasts, 15 normal weight, non‐diabetic subjects consumed meals of wholemeal bread alone (controls) and supplemented with guar at three different concentrations (5, 10 and 15% replacement of wheat flour). Blood samples for glucose and insulin analysis were taken preprandially, and at 30 and 60 min after the start of each meal. The acceptability of the wholemeal control and guar breads was assessed using a hedonic scaling method. A significantly lower blood glucose rise at 30 min was found after the 15% guar bread meal compared to the control. Plasma insulin responses at 30 and 60 min were significantly lower after the 10 and 15% guar bread meals compared to the controls. Hedonic scores indicated that the subjects found the 5 and 10% guar breads acceptable and in the case of the 5% variety the mean score was identical to the control. We suggest that a guar concentration of between 5 and 10% replacement of wheat flour (wholemeal or white) should be used for the baking of guar wholemeal bread but further work is needed to define the precise quantity of guar require

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of two isoenergetic 8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) diets containing 40% and 65% of total energy from carbohydrate, respectively, were studied in six insulindependent diabetics in relation to the metabolic responses to physical exercise. Each subject followed both diets in turn for one week. Additionally, the effects of a pre‐exercise supplement of either 50 g carbohydrate (as glucose polymer) or placebo were measured.Exercise induced a marked fall in blood glucose levels of similar magnitude on both diets (P<0.05) in the absence of supplementary carbohydrate and a significant increase (P<0.01) when the supplement was provided. Insulin concentrations were virtually unaltered on either diet or supplement when compared before and after exercise (P<0.5).Blood levels of the gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate, alanine and glycerol) were significantly increased after exercise in the case of both diets with or without supplementary carbohydrate (0.02

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The frequencies of intakes of food and drink have been found in 591 subjects in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia who ranged in age from 11 to 25 years and came from upper‐ and lower‐class suburbs. The younger subjects were at primary and high schools, while the older subjects were either at technical college, university, employed as apprentices or unemployed.Most subjects ate at the time of the traditional three meals but also had additional snacks so that most ate/drank 5–6 times a day. Confectionery was eaten more often by young boys than young girls, but the biggest difference was between employed women who ate sweets very often and unemployed women who ate them much less frequently. By contrast, ‘finger snacks' and soft drinks were consumed with similar frequencies by the employed and unemployed. More children consumed these products frequently in lower‐class suburbs than in the upper‐class suburbs.These results suggest that soft drinks and ‘finger snacks' are regarded as part of the normal daily intake to be consumed regardless of income, but that sweets are seen as a discretionery pleasure to be indulged when money

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐eight members of the general public, with little nutritional knowledge and no previous commitment to dietary change, completed 7‐day‐weighed dietary diaries. They then attempted to change their diets, where appropriate, in line with current nutritional guidelines.The panel achieved changes in diet that were consistent with the recent recommendations but several problems arose. In particular, although fat levels were reduced, energy levels fell and fibre goals were not reached; in addition, certain of the initial vitamin and mineral intakes gave cause for concern. These results emphasize the importance of giving advice not only about foods that might be reduced in the diet, but also about food that might be used as alternatives. They also illustrate the difficulty of persuading people to make radical changes to their eating habits even when given personal advice from a nutritionist.The panel was small and not necessarily representative, but the results illustrate the need for more dietary analysis studies. It is not enough simply to formulate appropriate guidelines from a nutritional point of view; it is also important to ensure that the public understands them and that people make sensible decisions about their

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five‐day duplicate diets and seven‐day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively,r= 0.76 andr= 0.69, while that for repeatability wasr= 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elde

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00443.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the dietary intakes of protein, fat, CHO, total calories and calcium in normotensive pregnant females and patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. A significantly higher intake of protein and calcium was found in normotensive females. The relationship also held true when the dietary intake of a subset of 13 hypertensive women was compared with normotensive women matched for age, parity and socio‐economic statu

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dietary habits and nutrient intake were studied in girls with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and in healthy controls. The intake of iron and vitamin D was lower than the recommended dietary allowances in both groups, while the intake of the other nutrients studied were close to or exceeded the recommendations. Only minor differences in nutrient intake between patients and controls were observed.The interindividual variation in dietary habits was considerable in both groups. The girls with JCA consumed less fruit, vegetables and juices and also ate these foods less often in composite meals. The intake of ascorbic acid was positively correlated with plasma ascorbic acid concentration, but no correlation of plasma concentration of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and α‐tocopherol with the consumption of the respective vitamin was f

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) has been used to measure nutritional status in 94 patients receiving supplementary nutrition or evaluation in a Gastrointestinal Unit. The patients described normal distribution with a median value of 50 mm (range 30 mm‐77 mm). There is good correlation between VAS and objective anthropometric measures. VAS is a useful simple measure of recording nutritional statu

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00446.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1988.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY