摘要:

There is a high prevalence of the features of protein‐energy malnutrition among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Poor food intakes are only partly responsible. The disease state itself and renal replacement therapy are contributing factors to the development of malnutrition. Hypogeusia, anorexia and impaired digestion of nutrients have been reported. Changes in the hormonal environment may result in poor utilization and altered metabolism of nutrients. The requirements for nutrients may be different to those in normal healthy individuals. However, despite the effects of unalterable non‐dietary factors on nutrition, it is possible to manipulate dietary intakes to improve the nutritional sta

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is general agreement amongst determatologists that flare of hand eczema can occur after oral exposure to nickel. Knowledge of the nickel content of foods is therefore necessary for dietitians who may counsel such patients. This review discusses the following topics: (i) current evidence for the importance of nickel sensitivity; (ii) the quantity of nickel required to provoke a reaction; (iii) the nickel content of foods and the role of low nickel diets.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dietary guidelines are issued in some countries in quantitative terms while in others a qualitative approach is preferred. The latter allows for greater flexibility while the former implies that our knowledge is sufficiently adequate to set such goals. Data are presented to show that that is not necessarily the case. Equally, a popular approach to determining which foods should be targeted for a reduction is to determine key sources of fat, usually meat and dairy products. Evidence is presented to show that these foods do not distinguish between high and low fat diets. Frequently the major determinant of the percentage of energy from fat is the percentage of energy from sugar.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the development and validation of a nutritional knowledge questionnaire. The questionnaire included a forced choice nutrient density section and multiple choice exercise. Two groups of respondents (group 1, nutrition professionals, n = 27; group 2, engineering undergraduates, n =55) completed the questionnaire. Significant differences were found between group scores for each of the four nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat and fibre) and for the multiple choice (P<0.001). Cronbach's alpha for the complete questionnaire was 0.82. These results suggest a robust and valid test instrument for the measurement of nutritional knowledge, which will be used to examine relationships between nutritional knowledge and behaviour.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A small cross‐over study among ten free‐living volunteers was carried out to determine the changes in plasma cholesterol levels [total, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and subfractions) during two dietary regimens. One diet, designated as ‘western’ was characterized by high saturated fat (46% energy from fat, 24% from saturated fat), low fibre and no fish; the other designated ‘prudent’ permitted ad lib consumption of fish, chicken, high‐fibre bread and cereals, vegetables and fruit but a minimum of dairy and meat products (21% energy from fat, 6% saturated). Between the ends of the ‘western’ and ‘prudent’ periods total cholesterol levels fell in all subjects, on average by 0.93 mmol/1. HDL cholesterol and its subfractions also tended to decrease, but not consistently in all subjects. Correlations between individual changes in fat intake and changes in plasma total cholesterol suggested a positive relationship (a large change in dietary fat associated with a large change in plasma total cholesterol). Changes in HDL cholesterol appeared to be negatively related to changes in fat and positively to changes in carbohydrate intakes. Changes in dietary energy levels showed no association with changes in lipid levels. On the basis of the present results, further studies are desirable to determine optimal dietary changes to achieve low plasma total cholesterol levels and conservation of H

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The energy and nutrient intakes of 8‐, 18‐ and 36‐month‐old infants in an Italian community was studied by the means of a 7‐day dietary record. A longitudinal study, which included 41 children was also performed through the same interval of life. The total number of children varies from 192 subjects of 8 months to 148 subjects of 36 months (15–20% of the population in that age group).The registration method, computer assisted, set up by some of the authors, adopts a special computation algorithm, and is based upon a dietetic diary to be compiled in real time. Intake data are recorded without weighing the foods, while the portion, the amount of food taken by each subject, is used as the unit of measure.The mean daily energy intake for the infants was similar to the RDA. The ratio between the macronutrients was characterized by a high protein and fat, but low carbohydrate intake; 15–17% of energy derived from protein, 33–38% of energy derived from fats and 46–50% from carbohydrates. As the diet of the family presents the same characteristics, it appears that the weaned infant's diet obeys the family feeding habits.Daily intake of sodium was high in the diet of infants 18‐ and 36‐months‐old indicating that salt was added generously to the food. Calcium and phosphorus intakes were high in the food of 8‐month‐old children, while iron was rather low in the diet of older children (18‐ and 36‐month‐old children).The data show that the diet of weaned children is rapidly influenced by the feeding habits of families and that the diet shows the charac

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1990.tb00068.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY