摘要:

Briefing paper from the Nutrition Subcommittee of the British Diabetic Association's Professional Advisory CommitteeThis paper reviews the available evidence on the effects of sucrose, fructose and sorbitol on metabolic homeostasis in diabetic patients and makes recommendations for the use of these carbohydrates.

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A menu labelling scheme for workplace restaurants has been developed using a model of the expectations and requirements of the three main user‐groups; customers, caterers and health educators. The scheme (‘Star Struck’) is a positive marking scheme, labelling foods which are high in fibre and/or low in fat using point‐of‐sale nutrition information. The pilot version of the scheme was formatively evaluated in two staff restaurants; one in the NHS and the other in the private sector. Questionnaires and Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAPS) were used to assess the response of the user groups to the pilot scheme. The results of the study are encouraging and support the argument that there is a large customer demand for nutrition labelling in a workplace restaurant setting. The findings indicate the need for more refinement to the ‘Star Struck’ scheme to meet the operational and information needs of the user groups.These modifications are described and discussed and recommendations are made for the introduction of menu‐labelling schemes into workplaces in general. This study suggests that menu labelling can provide a simple basis for healthy menu‐planning and highlights the need for further

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty‐one male Nigerian students completed a questionnaire on their food‐habits in Aberdeen and Nigeria. Few changes to food‐habits were made during their stay in Aberdeen. Forty‐five of the subjects used a food‐diary to record their food‐intake, Portion‐weights from weighed intakes carried out by male Nigerian students were used to calculate nutrient‐intake. The results differed from those reported in studies on Caucasians. Intake of some vitamins was low. Fibre‐intake was a little lower than that reported for Africans by other researchers and the same as that reported for European students. The amount of energy supplied by carbohydrate, fat and saturated fat was in line with current recommendations for t

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An in‐vitro model system was used to determine the number of bacteria infused into a ‘patient’ when three types of polyurethane enteral feeding‐tubes that had been experimentally contaminated with feed containingK. aerogenes on day I, were then perfused with sterile feed for periods of 8 h on three consecutive days (days 2–4). The tubes were syringed with 20 ml sterile water at regular intervals. Viable counts were made on syringe washings, feed collected from the ends of the tubes and feed from the nutrient containers.On day 1, the total number ofK. aerogenes in feed samples collected from the nutrient containers and the ends of the tubes rose from 102to 103–104cfu ml‐1over 8 h. On days 2–4 no organisms were detected in the feed samples from the nutrient containers whereas viable counts on feed samples collected from the tubes and syringe washings rose from 104to 107and from 101to 107cfu ml‐1respectively.It can be concluded that a single incidence of feed contamination could lead to a patient receiving contaminated feed from an enteral feeding‐tube colonized with bacteria which will not be detected by normal monitoring of the rema

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of exercise on large intestinal function has been determined in 14 healthy but normally sedentary men and women, aged 22–34 years while on a constant diet.For an initial 3–5 week period (control) no activity was allowed. Six subjects then undertook a 9 week training schedule by the end of which they were capable of jogging for 1 h/day, 5 days a week. A further six subjects undertook a similar training schedule that lasted for only 7 weeks, at the end of which they were jogging for 45 min/day. Finally, two subjects were studied continuously while taking light exercise for 6 weeks and then jogging for a further 3 weeks.Physical fitness was monitored and showed significant changes with maximum aerobic capacity increasing from 2.4+0.5 to 3.1+0.4 l/min, maximum heart rate after a step test falling from 1524–8 to 129+5 beats/min, and resting pulse rate also falling from 56+4 to 50+5 beats/min. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol also increased significantly.Colonic function was assessed by measurement of stool weight and transit time, using the continuous radio‐opaque marker technique, faecal pH, nitrogen excretion, and ammonia concentration.No change was observed overall in mean daily faecal weight (124 + 39 (control) and 129+49 g/day (exercise), transit time (55+20 (control) and 54+23 h (exercise)), nor in faecal frequency, dry stool weight, pH, ammonia, or in total nitrogen excretion. Significant changes did occur in five individuals with significant slowing of transit time in two and speeding up in three. Overall transit time increased in nine subjects and decreased in five.Hence, when diet is constant, exercise has marked effects on physical fitness but no consistent effect on large bowel

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A computer program has been designed to test‐out random combinations of different numbers of food portions against set target quantities of nutrients required in experimental diets. The most acceptahle combination is selected and refined by random adjustments of the weight of each food component until a meal nutritionally closer to that required is achieved. Several complete meals are then incorporated into a diet by refining the weights of each meal until the complete diet matches the required on

ISSN:0952-3871    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-277X.1991.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY