摘要:

It is the purpose of this Letter to summarize the results obtained in the course of a latitude survey of the intensity of the nucleonic component of cosmic radiation in the Pacific Ocean area. This experiment was undertaken with the aim of determining the location of the cosmic‐ray equator in a longitude range that had not been investigated previously with a detector of this type.The interest in the position of the cosmic‐ray equator (position of minimum cosmic‐ray intensity) stems from the work ofSimpson, Fenton, Katzmann, and Rose[1956] which first demonstrated that the cosmic‐ray equator did not coincide with the position of the magneticdipole equator. Further studies of this problem [Katz, Meyer, and Simpson, 1958], involving an extensive series of airborne crossings of the cosmic‐ray equator, have confirmed this result. The present experiment was directed toward making observations in a region not covered by thes

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00321

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Delsemme and Delsemme[1960] have recently reported on the unexpected behavior of the forbidden red line of atomic oxygen at L wir o, a station in the Congo near the equator. They find that at the equator the intensity of the red line goes through a maximum in the vicinity of midnight, in contradistinction to the behavior at temperate latitudes where the intensity remains fairly steady throughout the night, except for the twilight enhancements.Barbier[1959] had previously reported a similar phenomenon occurring at Tamanrasset (latitude 22°48′N). It is the purpose of this paper to report results from Huancayo, Peru (latitude 12°03′S, longitude 75°20′W, geomagnetic latitude 0°.6S, geomagnetic longitude 353°.8), which confirm these ob

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00323

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bless, Gartlein, Kimball, and Sprague[1959] andBernard[1960] suggest that solar protons stopped in theEregion produce positive ions which, transported by neutral particle winds in a homogeneous atmosphere, constitute the magnetic bay producing currents. But the real ionosphere contains inhomogeneties (e.g., auroras) and any net transport of charge must produce electric polarization fields. This causes current systems entirely different from those predicted by the theory ofBless, Gartlein, Kimball, and Sprague.A theory of these processes has been recently developed byCole[1960], who, in terms of a simple realistic model, is able to explain the observed relationship between magnetic bays and auroras, and, at the same time, the typical movements of auroras and auroral ionization that correspond in fact with the movement of electrons [Bond, 1960]. The theory predicts that this movement may be at speeds a factor of 10 greater than wind speeds.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00327

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Atmospheric vertical profile data, necessary for the calculation of radio refractive index, are provided on a wide scale, according to position and time, only by radiosonde data. With this world‐wide synoptic network of radiosonde stations a simultaneous measurement of the atmosphere is attempted twice a day. However, its utility as a refractive index measuring tool is limited because of a number of factors pertaining to radiosonde operations.The most serious of these is the time lag of the temperature‐ and humidity‐sensing elements. Because the variation of vapor pressure in the atmosphere contributes significantly to the refractive index, a sensitive and immediate response in the humidity element is especially important. The research currently being done [Jones and Wexler, 1960] on the use of barium fluoride films in place of lithium chloride promises great improvement in this response

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00328

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a recent paper in this journal [Moore, Vonnegut, Stein, and Survilas, 1960], a number of observations of lightning in warm clouds, all parts of which were above freezing temperatures, were presented to support the concept that intense electrification responsible for lightning is not caused by the presence of ice in the clouds. Since all the observations were from the tropical or subtropical environment, a similar observation from temperate latitudes would be significant.I should like to quote (translated by me from the French) an early observation of lightning inwarm clouds, all parts of which were above freezing temperatures, published byMarchand[1903], a report which apparently has escaped the attention of recent meteorologists. The statement is of particular interest since it was based on observations made in the temperate zone, at Bagnéres (a town located at 547 meters elevation at the foot of the Pyrenees Mountains in southern France) and at the Observatory on Pic du Midi (42°56′N, 0°08′E, at 2866 meters in the Pyr

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00332

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Much interest has developed, in recent years, in the possible relationship between helicoidal flow and river meandering. The present writer [Tanner, 1960] has suggested that possibly helicoidal flow is the cause, and meandering the result. This suggestion was prompted by the observation that sediment‐free model streams, with no fixed walls, meander freely. It is widely known that other fluid threads, such as the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and the jet stream in the atmosphere, meande

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00333

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shutbet[1960] recently described(Πg) phases recorded at Lubbock, Texas, and Lawrence, Kansas. He attributed these phases to propagation of P waves in the near‐surface wave guide which has been hypothesized to explainLg.Herrin and Richmond[1960] tested for several crustal models the hypothesis thatLgis propagated within a crustal wave guide formed by the free boundary above and a rapid increase in velocity with depth below. It is necessary to correct several errors in this paper. The tabulated emergence angles are measured from the horizontal, but the computations ofGutenberg[1944, p. 99] give the ratios of reflectedPandSvenergy in terms of angles of incidence measured from the normal. In parts of the discussion on transformations at the free boundary,Herrin and Richmond[1960, pp. 207 and 209] failed to take the complement of the emergence angle, with the result that some of their suggestions regarding the partitioning of energy betweenSvandPwaves are erroneous. Because the present discussion ofpropagation depends upon possible transformations at a free boundary, a summary of the results ofHerrin and Richmond[1960] with the errors removed is given in Table 1. The incidence angles are measured with respect to the normal. The ratios of reflected to incident energy are read fromGutenberg's[1944, p. 99] curves. The length of a refraction leg is the distance from the origin at which a ray penetrating to a depth of 10 km is reitacted back to the surface. A mean surface velocity for repeatedly refracted and reflected shear waves comparable to the group velocity ofLgis obtained for the granite models with depths of penetration equal to or less than 10

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00334

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accompanying International Geophysical Calendar 1961 designates some special days and intervals for special attention for geophysical experiments and analysis. The Calendar serves to encourage world‐wide coordination of observation or analysis of those geophysical phenoemna which vary significantly during the course of a year. These phenomena are mainly in the scientific disciplines dealing with the earth's atmosphere. In some experiments, such as the routine measuring of variations of the earth's magnetic field, the observing and analysis programs at observatories are carried out at a uniform level throughout the year, and for these the Calendar is not neede

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00336

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ066i001p00340

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY