摘要:

Wind velocities from the surface to or above 50km, measured by meteorological rockets at White Sands, New Mexico, have been analyzed for a period of 2 years from January 1963 to December 1964. The Eulerian space correlations and the normalized energy spectrums have been computed for the mesoscale velocity fluctuations. It is found that the normalized energy spectrums for both the longitudinal and transverse velocity components appear to be similar for all seasons and are approximately proportional tok−2in the range between 6×10−2and 4×10−1cycle km−1. A spectral peak occurs between 3×10−2and 6×10−2cycle km−1. The monthly mean kinetic energies of the mean and eddy flows have also been computed. It is found that the winter stratospheric westerly jet generally is associated with more eddy kinetic energy than the summer easterly jet and that the variance of the velocity is approximately proportional to mean velocity in the stratosph

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05213

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The data from six Brewer‐Mast electrochemical ozone analyzers were compared with an arbitrarily chosen analyzer of identical manufacture to determine aging of the sensor cells during prolonged field use. An independent colorimetric method for the determination of ozone was used to standardize the reference analyzer. Although the individual electrochemical analyzers give reproducible readings, they differ from each other by as much as 20% and from the colorimetric results by as much as 60%. These differences are primarily due to aging. The effects of aging can be reduced significantly by thorough periodic cleaning of the sensor cel

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05221

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The baroclinic instability occurring in a rotating annulus which is heated differentially in the horizontal has been studied experimentally. The ratio of width of the annulus to the depth has been varied from ½ to 1/27 in an effort to test the scaling of this variable. It is found that a three‐parameter system is necessary to scale satisfactorily the present data and those of previous investigators. It is suggested that the viscous boundary layers are important in determining the flow. The effect of horizontal shear on the onset of baroclinic waves has also been observed. It is shown that horizontal shear is a stabilizing mechanism and that, when the horizontal shear becomes comparable to the shear of the thermal wind, baroclinie waves no longer occur. The results are discussed in terms of current theo

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05225

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The chemical composition of the air enclosed in ice collected in Antarctica was determined for seven samples of iceberg ice, two of glacier ice, eight of sea ice, and one of pond ice. Samples of sea ice collected on the coast of Hokkaido Island, Japan, were also analyzed for comparison. The pressure of gas in bubbles was measured. Glacier and iceberg ice contained more gases than sea ice or pond ice. The CO2content of some of the samples was measured by isotope dilution. On the basis of the chemical composition of gas occluded in glacier and iceberg ice, the ice is classified into four types: (1) Ice derived from snow which contains only atmospheric air trapped in interstices between snowflakes. In it a CO2content of 0.028–0.030% is observed, which is slightly lower than that in the present atmosphere. (2) Ice derived from snow with a small amount of ice originated from supercooled water which constitutes nuclei of snow crystals. (3) Ice mostly derived from meltwater. (4) Ice derived from snow, but the CO2content is increased up to 0.1% for unknown reasons. The chemical composition of the occluded gases in sea ice is quite different from that of glacier and ice‐berg ice, and the difference seems to result from the change in both the solubility of gases in water and the rate of outgassing during the period of ice formation. The gas content is usually higher in younger sea ice than in older ice. Nitrogen shows greater retention in ice than other gaseous compone

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05235

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seawater samples collected mainly in the South Pacific were analyzed in an omegatron spectrometer for their He, Ne, Ar, and Kr contents. On the average, the water appears to be supersaturated with respect to all the gases and at any level. Saturation maximums are observed to occur in samples collected 0–100 m below the mixed layer for Kr and Ar. At this depth, Kr is 14.9% above its equilibrium concentration, and Ar is 7.1%. He, however, displays a distinctively different pattern: the maximum deviation from normal saturation occurs in the deep water (7.4%), and the minimum occurs 0–100 m below the mixed layer. Ne follows Kr and Ar, except for its concentration in the mixed layer where it appears to be altered by the dissolution of air bubbles. In an analysis of the experimental data, most of the observed deviations from normal saturation can be accounted for. In particular, the position and magnitude of the saturation maximum displayed by Kr and Ar in water adjacent to the mixed layer is in good agreement with solutions of a differential equation [k(∂2/∂Z2) ‐w(∂/∂Z)]C,T= 0, if an appropriate value forw/kis chosen. Flux calculations for the transport of gas in and out of the mixed layer also allow the evaluation of the advection termw, which is found to be of the order of 10−5cm sec−1. In addition, they provide a reasonable explanation for part of the observed supersaturation in the mixed layer and permit an estimate of the residence time of a noble gas atom in this layer. The value found for the advection term agrees well with awof 1.4×10−5cm sec−1determined recently by Munk for water between 1 and 4km depth. The saturation profile of He can be understood only if an additional source of He at the sediment‐water interface is assumed. Consequently, the excess of He in the deep water is attributed to an influx of He from t

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05243

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

By ‘shear effect’ is meant the dispersion of a vertical column of fluid due to the variation of velocity with depth combined with vertical diffusion. In general, any gradient of velocity combined with mixing in the same direction will produce an effective longitudinal dispersion, i.e., normal to the mixing and velocity gradient and in the direction of mean flow. Thus the shear effect may be associated with tidal currents, wind‐driven currents, or density currents. A very simple statistical model of the shear effect is presented; shearing distortion and then vertical mixing are applied alternately to a vertical column of substance giving rise to an ‘apparent’ or ‘effective’ longitudinal dispersion which may be described by an effective diffusion coefficient,Ae. It is found that the longitudinal distribution of substance tends to normality andA6is inversely proportional to the coefficient of vertical diffusion, K. In spite of its simplicity, this model contains most of the essential features of the shear effect that are shown by more compl

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05267

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Application of the laws of geometric optics to curved media presents few additional complications. The invariance of the wave‐vector density of a wave grouplet, as deduced from Liouville's theorem in classical mechanics, is also true for curved media. The equations governing the spatial and time variation of wave spectra and ray paths on curved surfaces are develope

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05271

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The viscosity of 19.3‰ chlorinity seawater has been measured with a rolling‐ball type of high‐pressure viscometer over the temperature range −2 to +12°C and at hydrostatic pressures up to 1500 kg/cm2. Above +4°C the pressure dependence of the viscosity of these solutions differs slightly from that of p

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05275

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A pulse‐compression echo sounder (PCES) has been developed and used in two ocean bottom surveys. The PCES transmitted a chirp signal, i.e., a frequency‐modulated signal, instead of a gated sine wave. The returned echo was correlated with the stored replica of the transmitted signal in the polarity coincidence Deltic correlator. The bandwidth of the chirp signal was 1.6 kc/s centered at 12 kc/s. The chirp duration was 20 msec, the peak power during the pulse was 800 watts, and the pulse‐compression ratio was 32:1. The results show that the system provides (1) a fine resolution of closely spaced bottom and sub‐bottom surfaces in the deep ocean, (2) improvement in signal‐to‐noise ratio over the conventional echo sounders, and (3) sub‐bottom penetration of up to 30 meters and a qualitative indication of the bottom surface roughness. Typical sections of the d

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05279

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Focal mechanisms have been determined for one preshock, for the main shock, and for more than 25 aftershocks of the Alaska earthquake of March 28, 1964. For the main shock a single nodal plane with a strike azimuth of 66°, dip 85° southeast, is determinable from the polarity of thePwave. This plane may be taken either as a plane normal to the fault motion (thrust faulting) or as the fault plane (dip‐slip motion on a near‐vertical plane). A combination ofPwave first motion andSwave polarization data make possible the determination of both nodal planes in each shock studied of the aftershock sequence. One of these planes is near vertical and closely resembles the nodal plane of the main shock; the other dips 5° to 15° to the northwest or north. For earthquakes of the Kodiak Island region, the near‐vertical plane has the same orientation as that of the main shock. For earthquakes to the east of Prince William Sound, this plane shows a systematic change in orientation corresponding to the change in trend of the tectonic features. Three earthquakes that have foci at increasing depths along the line of greatest flexure of the tectonic features differ from the others. The difference in character of these foci probably provides an important clue to the right interpretation of the motion in the main shock. Although the focal mechanism solutions for the shocks are subject to the same ambiguity of interpretation as that of the main shock, criteria which favor a thrust hypothesis are advanced from the interrelation of the foci. From dislocation theory it is shown that differential slip and/or a dipping thrust plane explain satisfactorily the observed vertical displacements at th

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ071i022p05283

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY