摘要:

Space physics derives its individuality from its research tools, the satellite and the space probe. The technology of space flight and the special requirements of instrumentation for space experiments separate this field from the traditional areas of geophysics, astronomy, and particle physics in which it found its inspiration. The astronomer and the geophysicist who join in planning the exploration of the planets find as strong a bond in their common problems as either has with his colleagues engaged in ground‐based research.On April 29‐30, 1959, the first nationally sponsored conference devoted to the special problems of space physics met in Washington under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the American Physical Society. Space physics had come into existence two years before, at a time when only a small part of the scientific community in America was engaged in the planning and execution of space experiments. With the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, preparations began for an intensified research program in the space sciences, and the NASA therefore proposed a symposium on current problems in space exploration. H.C. Urey had independently undertaken the organization of a similar conference under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Physical Society; accordingly, the symposium in its final form was organized under the joint sponsorship of the three agenc

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01647

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Solid particles in the solar system are here defined as particles greater than molecules and smaller than planets; they move about the sun in free orbits and are not physically attached to planets. Comets, asteroids, and natural satellites might well be included in the subject matter but will be mentioned only as they are related to smaller particles in the solar system.Detailed knowledge of the physical structure, composition and orbital distribution of particles in the solar system is of particular current interest because the particles constitute a potential hazard to satellites, space probes, and space vehicles. Both the designers of space equipment and the operational planners require precise knowledge to protect equipment and operations against the effects of meteoritic impact.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01653

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

I am planning to talk about the interplanetary gas in the inner part of the solar system, in which we live. I should like to discuss the circumstances that we shall find when we send up suitable instruments to investigate that gas.The subject is the counterpart to meteorology on the earth; we shall be concerned with the permanent and the variable features in the gaseous content of the inner part of the solar system. We first ask, what will be the experiments equivalent to the meteorological measurements of temperature, pressure, and wind? What are the quantities we should be interested in, and what are the orders of magnitude that we now expect we shall find?

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01665

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

I shall first write down a number of observational facts, and then in another column compare them with the results of the theoretical program we have been carrying out at Chicago over the past few years. The purpose of this comparison will be to suggest experiments, some of which are already in progress, and which will perhaps resolve a few of the difficulties in our present knowledge of the dynamics of the interplanetary medium.I shall start with the sun, since we believe, as Gold and others have pointed out, that it is the source of energy for all phenomena observed in the earth, in particular magnetic storms and auroras, and the source of energy for all the churning that apparently occurs in interplanetary space. Let me list a few basic facts about the sun that seem most pertinent to the problem.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01675

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Introduction—One of the most interesting geophysical discoveries of recent years was that made with the early United States satellites Explorer I (satellite 1958α) and Explorer III (satellite 1958γ). It was found [Van Allen, 1958;Van Allen and others, 1958] that an immense region around the earth is occupied by a very high intensity of charged particles (protons and electrons), temporarily trapped in the geomagnetic field. The detailed study of this radiation has been a major endeavor of the past year and a half by a group at the State University of Iowa in the United States, and by IGY workers in the Soviet Union. Important additional information at relatively low altitudes has been obtained in rocket experiments flown by other work

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01683

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mr. Simpson: When it was suggested that a round‐table discussion should be held after each of the sessions on formal papers, it was expected that there would be wide‐open gaps in the areas of interest and that there would be some question about the details of the experiments and theory.The officers have done so exceedingly well, however, that I think our round‐table talk can be restricted to a discussion of some major controversies, and the experiments that can be done in the near future to throw a little light on these controversial

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01691

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper has as its purpose the presentation of a brief survey of the planning that is going on in the area of space research.Our capabilities for space research depend upon the national interest in and support of such research, upon the tools that can be brought to bear on the effort, and upon the scientists who will devote themselves to the field. We have already obtained strong national support of research in space in the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Powerful tools in the form of large rocket vehicles, special power supplies and communications equipment, and extensive tracking and telemetering networks now exist or are being developed with the technical support of a wide variety of missions in space research and exploration. It remains for the scientific community to make the most of the opportunities that lie before it.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01695

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical data—A brief listing will be given first of the types of information available on the moon. For illustrations of the surface features discussed in the text, the reader is referred to a chapter containing a number of half‐tone lunar photographs [Kuiper, 1959].May I first comment on the resolving power that can be obtained in studying the surface of the moon. On the best of the existing photographs it is 0.4″ (seconds of arc), or 0.4 mile on the surface of the moon at the center of the

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01713

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In considering our space program, it is well to study objects that arrive from extraterrestrial sources quite without any effort or expense on our part. It is my purpose to discuss recent and older observations of meteorites and to draw some tentative conclusions from them.Meteorites are objects of variable structure and chemical composition, and a complete review of their properties is impossible in a brief time; therefore, this discussion will be limited to some specific features from which certain conclusions will be drawn. I believe that these conclusions will not be contrary to evidence that is not reviewed.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01721

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our investigations of Mars and Venus can be classified into the categories of astronomy, astrophysics, and geophysics.The available astronomical data on these planets are rather complete; astrophysical data are incomplete; and geophysical data are no more than fragmentary. I shall review the astronomical data quickly, discuss the astrophysical data at some length, and finally present what little we know of the geophysical information.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i011p01739

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY