摘要:

A helium‐filled, zero‐pressure (internal and external pressures equal), polyethelene balloon, 28.7 million cubic feet in volume (the largest to date), was launched on September 11, 1968, from White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), New Mexico, to study the atmospheric tides that rocket soundings have indicated exist in the atmospheric region from 40 to 60 km. The balloon served as a constant‐level stable support for a scientific payload consisting of six instruments for the measurement of temperature, pressure, density, and related ozone and water vapor concentrations near 48 km. Radar position‐time data served to determine the wind velocity. The balloon reached a record altitude of 48.5 km and then followed a predicted trajectory extending from WSMR to Twenty‐Nine Palms, California. Seventeen hours of stratospheric meteorological data were obtained, of which four hours were obtained in the 48‐km altitude region. This paper describes the various aspects of the balloon system and its flight and lists the significant results obtained; it is intended to serve as a reference for subsequent papers related to a detailed analysis of the vari

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03501

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The results of an experiment conducted at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, on September 11, 1968, in which a very large zero‐pressure balloon served as a platform for instruments measuring pressure and temperature, are discussed. The results of an analysis for diurnal tidal motion of wind as determined from the balloon trajectory are also included. The balloon remained in the stratopause region (48.75–47.80 km) for about four hours, during which time its trajectory with respect to altitude exhibited significant wave like structure. During the four‐hour period an average temperature of +2°C was computed from the slope of a least‐squares fit straight line of lnp(measured pressure values) versus altitude. A corresponding temperature value of −2°C was obtained from averaging the adjusted temperatures measured with the balloon‐borne instruments. Additionally a rocketsonde launched during the time the balloon was in the stratopause region recorded a temperature of 0°C at 48 km. There was excellent agreement (within 3%) between pressures computed from the rocket sounding and those measured with balloon‐borne instruments. A large horizontal change in temperature (23°C in 31 km) was measured at the stratopause level. Through calculations of atmospheric density based on measurements of pressure and temperature, it was concluded that vertical air motion was largely responsible for the wavelike trajectory. An estimate over one ten‐minute period placed the upward air velocity at greater than 70 cm sec−1. Wind analysis with respect to the diurnal tidal components produced results that are in general agreement with conclusions based on previo

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03513

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A radar sounding system developed by Richter has a height resolution (about 1 meter) capable of resolving the detailed structure of small features in the atmosphere that were never before seen. Two distinctly different types of wave phenomena characterize many of the records. One type is a long‐period internal wave. The mechanism of generation is discussed, and waves observed on the radar are compared with theory. They are shown to represent the fundamental mode of gravity waves for a stable lower troposphere. The other wave type is much shorter in period and typically shows a cusped structure like a breaking wave. Radar observations are compared with simultaneous wind and temperature soundings, and we conclude that wind shear is unquestionably the generation mechanism for the second type. We present evidence that untrapped waves above the region of instability indicate a flow of energy toward the shear zone, and we calculate the energy flux. The relation of these waves to atmospheric stability is described; their size is deduced from the observations, and their potential as a mechanism for generation of turbulence at the high‐frequency end of the atmospheric turbulence spectrum is discus

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03523

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurements of water surface velocities and phase speeds of the dominant waves in fields of gravity waves are reported which were obtained at the interface between parallel streams of air and water moving either in the same or in opposite directions. Empirical correlations between the measured velocities and the mean velocities in the air flow and in the water current are given. The phase velocity is found to depend on the water surface velocity, and it is concluded that the Airy wave theory gives values which are too low. An attempt is made to explain the results in terms of Biesel's (1950) model for wave motion on moving water with a linear velocity gradient.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03537

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A three‐box model is used to evaluate the rate of exchange of water between the three major water types in the ocean: warm surface water, North Atlantic deep water, and Pacific and Indian deep water. The eight unknown fluxes (six for water and two for particles) are determined from material balance considerations for H2O,14C, and ΣCO2and from the requirement that the18O‐salinity relationships observed in the ocean not to be violated. The validity of the model is checked by comparing the predicted and observed rates of CaCO3accumulation in deep‐sea sed

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03545

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The constancy of the13C/12C ratio in marine carbonate over the last half‐billion years provides evidence that an amount of organic carbon comparable to that presantly contained in the earth's sedimentary reservoir must have existed in early Paleozoic time. Since the amount of organic carbon is a direct measure of the net amount of oxygen produced by photosynthesis, this in turn implies no great change in available oxygen over that time period. Finally, unless the distribution of oxygen between the bound and molecular form has undergone a large change, the oxygen content of the atmosphere must have been comparable to its present value in early Paleozoic tim

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03553

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We argue that the present rate of escape of hydrogen from the upper atmosphere of Venus establishes an upper limit for the rate of degassing of water from the interior of the planet. This upper limit is 2.4×109grams of water per year. If we assume that this value holds also for deep‐mantle degassing from the earth, we find that the rate is insufficient, by five orders of magnitude, to supply the water at the earth's surface in 4.5×109years. An early episode of greatly enhanced degassing appears to be requi

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03558

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Symposium on Atmospheric Trace Constituents and Atmospheric Circulation, held in Heidelberg, Germany, September 8–13, 1969, was organized by the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Radioactivity of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. The symposium was sponsored jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and IAMAP. The University of Heidelberg was host organization. More than 100 scientific papers were presented in symposium sessions on the following topics:A. Tracers and Transport ProcessesB. Radioactive Aerosol Transport and FalloutC. Radiocarbon and Tritium DistributionD. Aerosol Formation and Removal ProcessesE. Atmospheric Trace Gas DistributionF. Aerosol Distribution and CompositionG. Upper Atmosphere ConstituentsH. Atmospheric GeochemistryI. Emanations and Daughters as TracersJ. Air and Precipitation ChemistryK. Cosmogenic Radioisotopes as Trace

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03562

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A newly constructed aerosol spectrometer has been developed which permits separation of particles according to values of ρRs2, where ρ is the density andRsis the Stokes radius of the particles. For chemically homogeneous aerosols, a pure continuous spectrum with regularly increasing radius of particles is obtained. The construction of this new aerosol spectrometer differs from those described in the literature. For separation of particles according to values of ρRs2in the field of centrifugal and Coriolis forces, a radial beam of the particles is made. Tests confirm theoretical calculations. The results for the distribution of natural radioactivity on atmospheric particles as a function of radius are discuss

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03563

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concentrations of109Cd in fallout and in surface air at observation points in the Soviet Union during 1964–1967 are summarized. Analysis of these data and their comparison with results from experiments on102Rh suggest that the mean residence time of finely divided aerosols in the atmosphere above 21 km from sources above 100 km is 14 years. Analysis of the238Pu fallout data indicates that the mean residence time of aerosols injected at about 40–60 km altitude is significantly lower, possibly about 4 ye

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC075i018p03569

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY