摘要:

This paper briefly describes the Jimsphere/Jimsonde system and presents some possible applications of the system. As space vehicles became larger and more sophisticated, an improved method for obtaining wind profile data had to be found. To satisfy this need, the FPS‐16 radar/Jimsphere system was developed. The Jimsphere is an aluminized mylar spherical balloon 2 m in diameter. The balloon is under superpressure and is tracked with a high‐precision radar system. The development of this detailed wind profile system was started in 1963, and the present design was established in 1964. To improve the system, a program was initiated in 1965 to obtain high‐resolution temperature data simultaneously with the wind profile

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03797

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sequences or bursts of uniform pulses have been recorded during a large fraction of intracloud lightning discharges in Florida and Arizona. The wave form of a typical pulse begins with a fast, large amplitude portion followed by a small and slowly varying overshoot. The full width at half maximum of the large amplitude peak is typically 0.75 μs, and the time intervals between pulses are typically 5 μs, in both maritime and continental storms. The pulse shapes and interval times suggest that the source of these pulses is an intracloud dart‐stepped leader process similar to that which has been photographed in discharges to gro

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03801

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper analyzes propagating wave solutions of the linearized barotropic vorticity equation near a critical level in a north–south flowV(x). The long Rossby wave found to the west of a wave source passes through the critical level unaffected. The short Rossby wave found to the east of a source is attenuated across the critical level by a factor exp (−πβ/lV′), wherelis the north–south wave number andV′ the shear at the critical level. Wave velocity components (u, υ) do not become infinite near the critical level. Numerical solutions show how Rossby wave propagation on a large‐scale domain is affected by critical level absorption. Implications for ocean basin models where phenomena depend on Rossby wave reflection at a western boundary

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03805

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The equilibrium fractionation factors for the partitioning of deuterium between pure water and water vapor at several temperatures (19°–27°C) and between aqueous salt solutions and water vapor as a function of salt concentration at 20°C are reported. The fractionation factors for the salt solutions show a linear variation with salt concentration and depend on the nature of both the cations and the anions in solution. One molal solutions of the salts show the following differences (in parts per thousand) from the pure water factors: NaCl, −2.3; KCl, −2.5; CaCl2, −4.9; MgCl2, −9.2; AlCl3, −17.2; NaBr, −3.3; Nal, −4.6; Na2CO3, −5.2; Na2SO4, +0.7; K2SO4, +0.7; and seawater (0.31 m), −1.6. Geochemical applications of the

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03812

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations of clear sky net long‐wave radiation at sites off Oregon and off northwest Africa were compared with vertical profiles of air temperature. Atmospheric thermal inversions appeared to reduce the net long‐wave radiation by at least 0.02 cal cm−2min−1. If empirical formulas are used to estimate the irradiance, account should be taken of this effect in regions with persistent inv

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03819

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent current measurements are incorporated into new heat and mass budgets for the Arctic Ocean. These budgets demonstrate the overwhelming importance of advection by the West Spitsbergen Current, which in 1971–1972 transported 16.3×109kcal cm−2s−1into the Arctic Ocean. Partially on the basis of the heat budget, we suggest that there is a large heat loss to the atmosphere in the southwestern Eurasian basin, in excess of 20 kcal cm−2yr−1. Annual mean transport in the West Spitsbergen Current could easily vary by 35% and might constitute a significant perturbation on the Arctic heat budget. The mass budgets point toward the general ineffectiveness of the Arctic Ocean in transforming subsurface water masses, and they also indicate a large shear between the ice and the upper layer of the East Greenla

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03821

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The flux of222Rn from the ocean surface has been measured by the accumulation method off the windward coast of the island of Hawaii. A figure of 74 ± 8 atoms m−2s−1was obtained, compared with a range of values from 11 to 116 atoms m−2s−1calculated from near‐surface222Rn concentration profiles in seawater obtained by other investigators. If these results are representative, the total oceanic contribution to222Rn in the global atmosphere is only about 2% of all222Rn exhaled from continents. Fluxes obtained by the accumulation method in shallow bay waters nearshore were intermediate between the very low value measured in the open ocean and the values obtain

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03828

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Atlantic manganese nodules and encrustations are most abundant in areas of slow sedimentation beneath the carbonate compensation depth or where currents inhibit sediment accumulation. They principally contain the minerals todorokite and δMnO2, which are selectively concentrated into nodules and encrustations, respectively, and which show an environmental differentiation thought to be related to redox potentials. Excluding the continental margins, todorokite is most abundant in deepwater deposits. Mineralogical differences between nodules influence their chemical compositions, Ni and Cu being most abundant in samples rich in todorokite and Co in those rich in δMnO2. Chemically, the deposits differ from those in other major oceans principally in their higher Fe and lower Ni and Cu contents, which may be due to higher rates of supply of Fe to the deposits than those in the other oceans. Regional variations occur in the concentrations of several elements, Mn, Ni, and Cu being enriched in deepwater deposits from areas of slow sedimentation between the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and the continental margins and Co being enriched in some deposits from elevated localities. These variations are thought to be due to variation in the sources of the elements concerned and in the depositional environm

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03831

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Field measurements of multiple offshore bar spacing were compared to theory and wave measurements to corroborate the suggestion that bar formation and spacing are controlled by standing waves in the infragravity range (0.5–5 min). Theoretical and experimental studies predict the reflection of progressive waves from a shoreline as standing waves. Associated drift in the bottom boundary layer is expected to produce sediment accumulation and bar formation under either the nodal or the antinodal points. Measurements of waves in the infragravity spectrum confirm the occurrence of such standing waves, and spacing of offshore bars in adjacent areas correlates well with the predicted position of the bar

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03838

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A series of 66 temperature profiles taken in the open ocean 350 km north of Puerto Rico are analyzed to determine the displacement spectrum and the dropped horizontal coherence. The results are not inconsistent with the Garrett and Munk model. One interesting exception is a tendency for the horizontal coherence not to fall off monotonically with decreasing vertical scales.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i027p03841

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY