摘要:

The spread‐Fphenomenon was analyzed covering the years 1944 through 1953. These ten years throughout one solar‐activity cycle are peculiarly alike. More spreadFoccurs in winter than in summer, with the equinoxes falling between the respective solstices. Sampling studies were made of six other stations. Rather different results were secu

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00445

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Simultaneous observations at three stations of the field‐changes due to lightning discharges to ground have been used to obtain information on the negatively‐charged column of Malan and Schonland. It is found that successive strokes come from regions of increasing height, but that there are occasional considerable horizontal displace ments as well. The axis of the column is frequently displaced by several kilometres from the point of emergence of the flash from the cl

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00449

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Indication that the long series of sunspot cycles is beginning to repeat itself within recorded data has renewed interest in the question of the components which are involved. One difficulty encountered in previous attempts at isolating the components has been in not basing the analysis on an integral number of cycles. If long period recycling proves to be real, component analysis is materially simplified and the resulting clues may be an important factor in developing sunspot theory. This paper presents the basis for the period of the series of 11‐year cycles, the results of an analysis of the components of the sunspot cycle and, lastly, the negative results of trying to attribute any part of the sunspot cycle to gravitational effects of the planet

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00455

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recently the author published a curve of electron densities obtained from rocket experiments. The published curve showed a sharp decrease in electron density at 145 km. Another interpretation of the data eliminates this decrease. The new interpretation is based on a breakdown in independence of propagation of the magneto‐ionic components of a CW‐signal transmitted from the flying rocket. The downgoing extraordinary ray was transformed into an ordinary ray at an electron density corresponding to approximately the critical frequency for the ordinary ray. The newly‐deduced electron‐density curve is in excellent agreement with theP′‐frecords taken simultaneously. TheF1‐“layer” is merely a low‐gradient shelf between 140 and 149 km. A small portion of the steep gradient of theF2‐layer is observable at 150 km.A composite graph of all rocket results above 90 km is shown. The only common feature observable in the rocket data when sporadic‐Eappeared on theP′‐frecords was a steep electron‐density gradient near the peak e

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00463

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Chapman‐Ferraro theory of the initial phase of a magnetic storm is reviewed in a simple intuitive form, by considering the macroscopic dynamical character of a moving ionized stream in a magnetic field. Fundamental equations thus obtained are (a)Hs2/8π=nm+(w∞‐w0)2, (b)H3= 2Hp, and (c)Hp=H0/Z3. The second can be replaced by (b)′,H3= (3/2)Hp, in the case of Ferraro's model of one‐dimensional distribution of a permanent magnetic field. These results are in exact agreement with the final results obtained by Chapman and Ferraro, and recently

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00467

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A quantum statistical method, already well developed for pure elements, has been extended to the prediction of the equation of state of compounds at extremely high pressures at absolute zero. Application of a finite‐strain condition to possible constituents of the earth, found by Birch to be valid for many materials, leads to satisfactory interpolation between the existing laboratory data and the quantum predictions for these materials. The quantum calculations begin to hold at pressures of the order of 1014dynes/cm2, pressures greatly exceeding those obtainable within the earth. The finite‐strain interpolative procedure is assumed to predict the pressure‐density relationships at pressures corresponding to those prevailing within the earth. From Bullen's pressure‐density values for the earth, it is found that, assuming the absence of phase transitions, the base of the mantle has the same density as an olivine possessing 63 per cent Mg2SiO4. By a similar procedure, the earth's outer core cannot be pure iron, but has the same density as a mixture of 90 per cent iron and 10 per cent olivine. For the temperatures prevailing within the earth, the quantum calculations at absolute zero are not significantly altered; a latitude in the interpolative procedure is indicated at these temperatures, leading to a composition of olivine at the base of the mantle ranging between 47 and 63 per cent

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00471

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A calculation is made of the latitudinal and seasonal variation of ozone absorption broken up into two phases. First, this calculation is made for constant ozone distribution over the earth to display the effect of length of day and solar altitude factor. Then the calculation is made for an ozone distribution which varies with latitude in accordance with Götz.1The calculations are based on an extension of Craig's2curve ofENz/n(ENz= energy absorbed by unit volume per second of solar radiation after passing throughNcm of O3NTP;n= concentration of O3). The energy absorbed during twilight in northerly latitudes is also included in the calculations. The results indicate that the length of day and solar altitude factor are sufficient to give the major features of the ozone solar absorption

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00485

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tabulations of hourly values of the ionospheric parameters for 18 northern‐hemisphere stations have been used to derive diurnal variations in the occurrence of “blackout” conditions. Contour plots are presented showing the diurnal average percentage of time during which blackout conditions prevailed, the amplitude of the diurnal variation, and the time of maximum frequency of occurrence. Changes in the contours with season and with magnetic activity are disc

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00499

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurements in the ionosphere using the Seddon propagation technique were conducted with the Viking 10 rocket, launched at 10:00 a.m. MST on May 7, 1954, at the White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. This rocket reached a record altitude of 219 km, and provided very good data for both upward and downward trajectories.Ordinary and extraordinary indices of refraction at 7.754 Mc were measured in the region surrounding the rocket. From these indices, it was possible to determine accurately the electron distribution from 84 to 200 km. By using theP′‐frecords taken during the rocket flight, the electron density curve was extrapolated up to the maximum of theF2‐region (2.9×105el/cc at 288 km).The measurements showed a rapid increase in density from 1×104el/cc at 91 km to 1×105el/cc at 101 km. This was followed by additional but less rapid increases up to the peak of theF1‐region (2.1×105el/cc at 170 km). Densities in the 170‐ to 200‐km region were, in general, five to ten per cent lower than theF1 maximum density. Although obtained during a period of low sunspot activity, these latest results agree remarkably well with previous results reported by Seddon and Jackson for periods near the sunspot maximum. In all cases, the daytime ionosphere was seen to remain dense throughout theE‐region and up to theF‐region, with only occasional minor peaks in density. In all cases, the distribution obtained agreed very closely with theP′‐frecords. Sporadic echoes are apparently due to partial reflections fro

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00513

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Annual means from continuous registration of cosmic‐ray ionization at four stations from 1937 to 1952 show a variation of nearly four per cent, which is similar at all stations and which is negatively correlated with sunspot numbers. This variation in cosmic‐ray intensity is quite similar for the annual means of all days, international magnetic quiet days, and international magnetic disturbed days, which indicates that it is not due to transient decreases accompanying some magnetic storms. Although the cosmic‐ray intensity at some stations is affected by meteorological conditions, it is shown that on the average the cosmic‐ray changes observed at Huancayo agree well with those at other stations. From an analysis of the variability of daily means at Huancayo and a sample comparison with Simpson's neutron data, it is concluded that the cosmic‐ray ionization at Huancayo is very little affected by meteorological effects. Through a comparison with Neher's balloon observations, evidence is provided to indicate the reliability of cosmic‐ray results at Huancayo over long periods of time. The relation between cosmic‐ray decreases and some measures of geomagnetic activity is indicated, and it is shown that the major transient decreases in cosmic‐ray intensity occur during magnetic disturbance. Graphs are included which depict the daily means of cosmic‐ray intensity at Huancayo for all availabl

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ059i004p00525

年代:1954

数据来源: WILEY