摘要:

Ten‐case running means of the vertical distributions of hydrostatic stability and of the vertical fractional gradient of the partial pressure of ozone computed from ozone and temperature soundings arranged according to tropopause height are presented for four stations located in different latitudes. It is shown that the characteristic large‐scale features of the vertical distributions of the vertical ozone gradient correspond closely to similar characteristic large‐scale features of the thermal structure of the atmosphere depicted by the vertical distributions of the hydrostatic stability. The layer structure of the ozone gradient and of the hydrostatic stability both show characteristic features that vary significantly with latitude and with the height of the tropo

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05021

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Luster program is a recoverable sounding rocket experiment to collect cosmic dust at high altitudes and to return the collected debris to the earth for laboratory analysis. The Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kernphysik participates in this program as a guest experimenter. The 100‐cm2collection surface, exposed during the first Luster flight on November 16, 1965, between 65‐ and 145‐km altitude, was examined by optical and electron microscopes and by nondispersive X‐ray techniques. High‐velocity impact studies using a 2‐Mv Van de Graaff dust accelerator and examination of control areas were included to interpret the collection data. No statistical evidence of collected material could be evaluated. An upper limit of the cosmic‐particle flux was deduced from several possible cosmic particles and impact holes. This result, replacing our preliminary data published in 1966, indicates that the flux of cosmic microparticles is smaller by three orders of magnitude than the previous satellite and rocket registration data. Future cosmic‐dust experiments should be sensitive enough to detect fluxes less than 10−1microparticles/m2sec. Suitable surface preparation techniques for identifying a ratio of cosmic material to contamination backgrou

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05029

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Kinematic generation of baroclinic intensity ℱ was defined in a similar manner to Petterssen's definition of frontogenetic intensity. It was computed at 500 mb over a large area of the northern hemisphere utilizing the daily series synoptic weather maps during a zonal index half‐cycle in winter. Spectral analyses of ℱ revealed that the harmonic of wave number 2 around the hemisphere was the most prominent, followed by wave numbers 4 and 1, and confirmed the inferences one draws from similar earlier spectral studies of baroclinicity and available potential energy. During this period perturbation kinetic energy was on the increase, and it was found that wave numbers 4, 5, and 6 were significantly marked with simultaneous increases of kinetic energy and the kinematic generation of baroclinic inte

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05039

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The magnitude of the terms in the equation of motion as applied to motions in the upper troposphere at weather‐map scale have been investigated by objective statistical procedures. The appropriate large‐scale variance of the radiosonde winds has been extracted from the original record by employing the variance spectrum of isobaric height as a guide to the large‐scale structure. The objective analysis shows that the departure of the radiosonde wind from the geostrophic wind is larger in the direction of the flow than transverse to the flow, and the ratio of the standard deviation of the geostrophic departure to the mean wind speed has the same magnitude at 500 and 300 mb. The longitudinal and transverse component ratios have the value 0.25 and 0.15, respectively. Under the most favorable circumstance about half the variance of the observed geostrophic departures must either be due to error or be associated with small‐scale motions. The remaining variance of the geostrophic departure at large scale provides an estimate of the large‐scale accelerations, which has been confirmed by a correlation of the geostrophic departures with the acceleration of the geostrophic wind. The frictional force has been estimated from the systematics of the geostrophic departures, which suggest that the frictional force, at least in the direction transverse to the flow, approaches a value comparable to the large‐scale geostrophic departure. The comparison of geostrophic and radiosonde winds also shows that the poleward transport of momentum in central United States is largely accomplished by the ageostrophic component

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05045

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Synoptic rocket exploration of the stratospheric circulation has revealed the presence of hemispheric tidal circulations that are indicated to be in part characterized by systematic vertical motions in low latitudes of the sunlit hemisphere. These vertical motions are powered by meridional oscillations in the stratospheric circulation produced by solar heating of the stratopause region and serve as the energy source of electrical current systems which are postulated to result from an impressed electromotive force produced by charged particle mobility differences in the lower ionosphere as the tidal circulations tend to force these particles across the earth's magnetic field. These dynamo currents are variable with geometry and time variabilities of the tidal circulations as well as variability in the solar‐induced conductivity of theEregion. The semiconducting lower atmosphere and highly conducting earth's surface occupy the near field of the lower side of this current system, with a resulting complex tropospheric electrical structure. Paths of low‐impedance electric current along magnetic field lines result in development of currents in the exosphere that are driven and controlled by the electrical structure of the primary dynamo circuit and that exert a control of their own through interaction with the solar wind. The basic physical process providing the required electromotive force for maintenance of the earth's atmospheric environment electrical structure is thus indicated to center in thermally driven tidal motions in the lower ionosphere, with locally observed structure, such as the fair‐weather electric field, thunderstorms, lightning discharges, aurora, airglow, electrojets, and radiation belts, playing supporting

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05061

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations of the vertical distribution of ozone were made during February 1967 in the San Francisco Bay area with the Carbon‐iodine (Komhyr) ozonesonde. Horizontal and vertical velocity components were obtained by simultaneous tracking with an M33 radar. In the lower troposphere, two peaks of ozone were found near 1 and 1.5 km within the west coast subsidence inversion; the lower maximum coincides in position with a wind jet. In the middle and upper troposphere there are significant time variations of ozone, believed to be caused by intrusions of stratospheric air. Undulations in the ozone, temperature, and wind profiles in the stratosphere suggest laminas of air masses. The mean profile of ozone suggests that there are several distinct zones that are related to ozone production and vertical mixin

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05073

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A baroclinic ocean model was developed and adapted for numerical solution by an electronic digital computer. The model is applicable to the advective region of the hydrosphere. The model is used to compute forecasts for the Gulf of Mexico from synoptic data as the initial condition.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05081

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The numerical dynamic model of the advective province of the ocean described in part 1 of this paper was applied to the Gulf of Mexico using three layers. Real data and artificial conditions were used as initial conditions. Realistic forecasts were made covering 4‐week periods (672 hours). None showed indication of computational instability. Results show that important variations occur in the Gulf over short time periods. Cyclonic circulations in the northwest and in the Yucatan Current are dynamically required. The major anticyclone in the western Gulf of Mexico is probably a result of external influence

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05091

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Daily variations in sea surface temperature at several coastal and lightship stations and the Nomad buoy during the passages of ten hurricanes are presented. The temperature variations are given for the coastal stations and Nomad buoy for a period from 10 days before to 36 days after the hurricane passed. Generally, marked cooling of the sea surface occurred during the passage of a hurricane. However, examples are noted where a rise in temperature occurred. A comparison was made of the daily temperature variation due to hurricanes as recorded at the coastal and deep water sites. The mean temperatures decrease for the eleven coastal examples and for the thirteen lightship examples was 3.1°F, and for the three Nomad examples was 6.4°F. The extent of cooling of the surface water appears to be related to storm intensity and orientation with respect to the recording station. The temperature decreases at the Nomad buoy during the passage of hurricanes were quite large compared with the changes at other times during the 47‐day periods, but factors other than hurricanes appear to cause larger temperature variations at the coastal sites. The length of time for the water temperature to return to normal after passage of a hurricane was computed for all stations. For the coastal and lightship stations the temperature returned to normal in less than one month, with mean time of 13 and 10 days, respectively. At the Nomad buoy, near prehurricane surface temperature conditions were recorded within 10 days. These observations indicate the rapidity with which hurricane effects are modified by subsequent environmental eve

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05105

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The world ocean has been mapped in a special projection, icosahedral‐gnomonic, which is optimized for wind‐wave studies. The map allows for relatively simple propagation of the waves. The graticule of the map has been computed in detail. The inverse function describing geographical coordinates in terms of map coordinates has been derived and used to tabulate grid point locations for a world network; the function describing great circle track adjustments on any icosahedral‐gnomonic projection has been derived and tabulated. This projection features segmented straightline representation of great circles and small simple distortions of direction and scale. Large parts of the globe can be represented without interruption, and a regular, nearly equidistant grid can be fitted over the globe. This projection should be useful in other problems, especially problems involving great ci

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JB073i016p05125

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY