摘要:

Mariner 2 obtained data on the interplanetary plasma during the period August 29, 1962, through January 3, 1963. The daily average plasma velocity is presented and compared with data on cosmic‐ray diurnal variations and with indices of solar and geomagnetic activity for this period. The only strong correlation found is that between plasma velocity and the geomagnetic indexKp. The plasma velocity showed a very strong 27‐day recurrence tendency and a close association withM‐region geomagnetic storms, indicating that solarM‐regions are emitters of high‐velocity plasma. No dependence of plasma velocity on solar distance between 1.0 and 0.7 AU could be

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06361

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Long‐period magnetic oscillations (≥100 seconds) seen on the Pioneer 1 flight are discussed. The indication is that these oscillations are comparable in scale to the magnetosphere and are primarily radial, that is, are contained in geomagnetic meridian planes. The energy densities agree with the fluctuation level in the free‐stream solar wind and suggest the excitation mechanism discussed by Dessler based on a fluctuating solar wind pre

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06371

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

TheSqvariation at geomagnetically conjugate areas is examined by use of the San Juan‐Trelew pair. It is shown that there is no particular similarity of theSqvariation at the two stations and that the northern and southern foci of theSqcurrent system are not geomagnetically conjugated. Three important causes of the asymmetricSqvariations are discussed. The asymmetric part of the solenoidal component of the dynamo current could be an immediate cause. The coupling of the northern and southern ionospheres by the geomagnetic field lines tends to exaggerate the effect of the difference in the induced polarization field, rather than to reduce it; further, because of the global scale of our system the inductance of our circuit may play an important role in skewing theSqvariations. Such a dissimilarity of theSqvariation at the conjugate points is in contrast to a striking similarity of polar magnetic storms at the conjugate points in the northern and southern auroral zones. The dynamo theory of polar magnetic storms is criticized on this basi

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06377

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

New methods of studyingSqduring the IGY have revealed a clear pattern of the noncyclic variation field which was not discernible from earlier studies. The field is mainly zonal about the geomagnetic axis, though there are significant departures from axial symmetry. The zonal part corresponds closely to a uniform field plus a dipole field along the geomagnetic axis. The relative values of these two parts accord well with the assumption that the internal part arises from currents induced in the earth byDstvariations. The relationship between the noncyclic variations and hourly values of equatorialDsis discussed.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06383

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is shown that some of the equations used to describe Faraday rotation are often misinterpreted in the case of propagation through an anisotropic magnetic field when the cosine of the angle between the magnetic field and the wave normal changes sign along the ray path. Such a case is common when transmissions are from a high‐altitude satellite in the region of the ionosphere in which the direction of propagation is nearly perpendicular to the earth's magnetic field. Use of the usual equations can result in misinterpretation of the data. A set of modified equations is given, and these are shown to be consistent with measured Faraday rotation. Using the modified equations in a ray‐tracing program, we analyze errors resulting from the use of several approximations near the transverse region. The approximations investigated are (1) quasi‐longitudinal propagation, (2) straight line propagation, and (3) use of an effective ionospheric h

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06391

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two ejectable instrument packages, consisting of a spherical ion trap and a cylindrical electrostatic probe, were flown above Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The first was launched near midday local time on August 3, 1962, and the second was launched at mid‐night October 24, 1962. The experimental technique is briefly reviewed. The major steps in the derivation of the equations for the ion current to a moving spherical ion trap are given, and the assumptions used in obtaining these equations are discussed. The daytime ion temperature profile derived directly from the ion. trap displays isothermal characteristics from 180 km up to 365 km, the apogee of the flight. This directly measured value of 1500°K compares reasonably well with the ion temperature value of 1650°K derived from the scale height of measured ion density. Electron temperature obtained from both the cylindrical probe and the ion trap showed a monotonie increase with altitude. The electron temperature measured at the apogee of the flight, 2750°K, indicates a high degree of thermal nonequilibrium. There is extremely good agreement between the electron temperature profiles obtained by the two methods. The nighttime electron temperature results also showed excellent agreement. The midnight electron temperature was 1000°K and isothermal from 150 km to 488 km, the apogee of the flight. No direct ion temperature information was obtained from the night flight; however, when we used the ion density results, the scale‐height method indicated that the electrons and ions were essentially in thermal equilibrium. The results from these flights are compared with the results of other experiments and, from the daytime data, it is noted that the effects of an ionospheric storm on the electron temperature last longer than present‐day theories would predict. The nighttime results indicate that a particle flux may play an important role in the heating of the ionosphere

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06401

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The atmospheric attenuation of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation in early morning, June 1962, and late afternoon, October 1962, has been measured. The derived atmospheric composition change in the 170‐ to 210‐km region is interpreted mainly as a diurnal effect. The molecular nitrogen concentration is seen to change but little, while the molecular oxygen concentration decreases by about twenty per cent and the atomic oxygen concentration increases by a factor of about 2 in the aftern

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06413

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Solar irradiance scattered from the earth's atmosphere has been measured in the middle ultraviolet from an Air Force satellite launched in July 1962. The radiometer filter defined a wavelength region centered at 2550 A with a bandpass at half‐maximum of about 140 A. The effective field of view was 1.2×10−4steradian. Because of the late afternoon launch the minimum angle between the sun direction and the local zenith at the satellite during the flight was 49°. The radiance values reached a maximum at these positions and decreased as the vehicle moved toward the shadow region. The maximum radiance value measured was 2.0±0.3×0.3×10−5watt/cm2ster μ. No signal was observed when the satellite was over the dark side of the earth. The results are compared with recent theoretical calculations and other experimental m

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06419

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A satellite‐borne radiometer has been used to determine the vertical distribution of ozone at high altitudes. The attenuation, due to the ozone, of solar ultraviolet radiation passing obliquely through the atmosphere was measured at times of sunrise and sunset, as seen by the orbiting vehicle. The sensor employed a photomultiplier tube and filter combination plus a quartz light pipe which allowed a uniformly sensitive field of view of ±10° in elevation and 360° in azimuth. A transition from full sunlight to signal extinction or vice versa occurred in a period of about 20 seconds twice per orbit. The shape of this step has been analyzed with a 7090 computer program to deduce the vertical ozone distribution at altitudes above the maximum. The orbital parameters were such that sunset and sunrise occurred when the vehicle was near 33°S and 13°S latitude, respectively. Preliminary results are essentially in agreement with earlier rocket measurements of Johnson et al. and do not indicate a secondary high‐altitude maximum as reported by Venkateswar

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06425

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ultraviolet absorption coefficients have been, determined for CO2, CO, O2, H2O, N2O, NH3, NO, SO2, and CH4in the wavelength region between 1850 and 4000 A. By using a double‐beam instrument and a 10‐cm path length, we achieved sensitivities of 10−4cm−1most of the time, permitting a considerable extension of the literatu

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ068i024p06431

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY