摘要:

By analysis of perturbations in the inclinations of two nearly polar satellites, we have found a reasonable value for the semidiurnal solar tidal numberkthat is effective for the total of earth and ocean tides. Similar methods can be applied to the lunar tide. The amount of tidal friction is not found accurately. We believe that the error in the friction is produced by an unidentified perturbation of the satellites.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p05983

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents a detailed description of the resonance effects due to the earth's potential. Equations are presented which enable the reader to determine which harmonics in the geopotential expansion will contain near‐resonant contributions for a given satellite orbit. Coefficients associated with the harmonics of degree and order (n,m) = (13, 13). (14, 14), and (15, 14) are foun

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p05991

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The errors in gridding or rectifying satellite pictures were evaluated. It was found that the discrete grid intervals of both height and tilt are of vital importance in determining final accuracy. The rotation of the grid around the exposure subpoint is found to be permissible unless an accuracy of 0.1° is required. Where accuracy requirements permit, the author's OEC height grids may be replaced by ZE height grids, which are less complicated and much easier to use. This change also permits the use of perspective height and tilt grids with less than 0.2° error. An evaluation of the gridding error due to the uncertainty of the spin‐axis points revealed that it may be almost entirely eliminated by adopting a coupled rotation of the principal li

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p05997

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The theory of sound propagation in mediums with continuous density stratification suggests that a number of interesting effects should occur. For example, acoustic waves will be totally reflected from a medium of strong density gradient, even in the absence of sound velocity contrasts. In this paper the magnitude of such effects is determined and discussed in connection with (1) a transition layer at the water‐sediment interface on the ocean bottom and (2) certain properties of atmospheric soun

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06009

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The volcanic eruption of Mount Agung on the Island of Bali reached explosive proportions on May 16, 1963. Perturbations generated in the atmosphere traveling at sonic velocities were recorded in Boulder, Colorado, 14,700 km distant, both via the short great‐circle path and via the long great‐circle path through the antipodes and around the world. In Boston, Massachusetts, 16,200 km distant, and in Washington, D.C., 16,300 km distant, sound waves were received via the short great‐circle path. The average transit velocity for the short path was 17 m/sec less than for the long path. The effect of wind velocities at mesospheric heights on the transit velocities is disc

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06017

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sr90and grossβactivities were measured on firn sections collected around Base Roi Baudouin, Scott Base, and South Pole Station. The firn layers were dated by stratigraphy and by oxygen isotope variations. The depth distribution of Sr90and grossβactivities revealed three radioactive horizons of potential glaciological application. The deepest horizon occurred at the end of 1953 as a result of the fallout of fission products from the Ivy test series, the second and most important one was formed in early 1955 by the debris of the Castle test series, and a third horizon, defined by a sudden increase in the grossβactivity but not in the Sr90content, was formed at the end of 1962. The rate of Sr90deposition over Antarctica has been nearly constant since 1956, amounting to 0.2 and 0.1 mc/km2yr at Base Roi Baudouin and at the South Pole, respectively. The cumulative Sr90deposition up to January 1963 in the 70–90°S latitude belt is found to lie between 1 and 3 m

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06023

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Atmospheric air containing natural and fission product radioactivity was passed successively through a series of filters of increasing retentivity for small particles. The size distribution of the radioactive particles in the atmosphere has been deduced from the relative amounts of radioactivity collected on the various filters and a knowledge of the retention characteristics of the filters as a function of particle size. This method has demonstrated that the short‐lived radon daughter products (Pb214and Bi214) are associated primarily with particles less than 0.3μin diameter, whereas fission products from the stratospheric source of old bomb debris on arrival at ground level are associated with particles averaging between 0.5 and 1.0μdiameter. Large, apparently random, changes in size distribution often occur from one collection to another. Radiochemical analyses indicate little fractionation of one isotope relative to another except during late October and early November 1964, when the shorter‐lived radioisotopes from the Chinese atomic test were found to be associated with the largest part

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06033

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Compact, automatic equipment for the collection of carbon dioxide from surface air at ambient temperature is described. An oil‐free, diaphragm‐type compressor pumps air through a silica gel bed, which removes water vapor, and then through a bed of Linde 5A molecular sieve, which adsorbs carbon dioxide quantitatively. The sample is collected over periods of 24 to 28 hours to minimize the influence of transient conditions. In this period, approximately 10 liters of carbon dioxide, equivalent to 5 grams of carbon, are collected. The carbon dioxide is desorbed from the molecular sieve by heating to 500°C and is transferredin vacuoto a purification train. The C14content of biweekly samples is measured in 7.5‐liter gas proportional counters. The specific activity of the carbon increased over the period January 1964 to December 1964, showing that C14from a stratospheric reservoir was continuously entering the troposphere. However, the values from the first half of 1965 were lower and varied sl

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06043

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The horizontal wind around the Argus Island tower, near Bermuda, was measured to establish the characteristic disturbance of the natural airflow caused by the tower. Observations were taken during periods of light to moderate southerly wind with near‐neutral thermal stability. To obtain a generalized picture of the disturbance field, the raw observations were converted to ratios of the presumed undisturbed wind computed from the logarithmic profile. The field of disturbance thus demonstrated was highly distinctive and was rather insensitive to variations in undisturbed wind speed. It showed two jets of accelerated air: one above the platform extending upward at least 15 m and the other one below extending down to the water surface. A ‘nose’ of decelerated air extended about 15 m upwind of the enclosed platform, and a wake of reduced velocity was formed to leeward. The purpose of the work was to locate suitable sites for installing outrigged micrometeorological instruments for determining fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor. Two regions 18 m upwind, one above and the other below the platform, were judged to be favo

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06047

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at and near Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, is reported for the first six years (1958–1963) of a long‐term program to document the effects of the combustion of coal and petroleum on the distribution of CO2gas in the atmosphere and in the world's oceans. The majority of the measurements reported here were obtained at Mauna Loa Observatory with a continuously recording infrared gas analyzer. Also reported are measurements of 261 discrete samples of air collected in glass flasks on Mauna Loa, on the windward coast of Hawaii, and from aircraft near the Hawaiian Islands. The following results have been obtained: (1) The CO2concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory varies with season with an average amplitude of 6 ppm and is increasing at the average rate of 0.7 ppm per year. (2) These variations reflect regional changes in the air which lies above the trade wind layer near Hawaii. (3) The concentration of CO2in the trade wind layer is essentially the same as aloft except during the summer months when it is slightly lower. (4) Volcanic emanations of CO2near the summit of Mauna Loa and uptake of CO2on the forested lower slopes of the mountain influence the concentration of CO2at Mauna Loa Observatory but do not seriously interfere with the determination of regional chan

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i024p06053

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY