摘要:

Computed error bars are added to the upper‐air density measurements of January 31, 1969, at Wallops Island, Virginia, reported by Faucher and Morrissey. A triaxial accelerometer‐instrumented inflated falling sphere was used for the measurements. Bases for the computation are presented. The conclusions of Faucher and Morrissey are substantiated to about 100 km if comparable uncertainty in each of the five soundings reported is assu

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08609

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Jimsonde, a high‐resolution lightweight temperature sensor developed for use with the FPS‐16 Radar/Jimsphere wind system, and its related systems are discussed; and an error analysis that shows the sonde to have an rms error of 0.41C at sea level and 0.56C at 18 km is presented. Five flight tests, a sequence of four tests and one individual test, of the Jimsonde were made. For comparative purposes, radiosonde temperature data are presented along with the Jimsonde d

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08613

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Temperature structure of the free atmosphere has been investigated with an experimental continuous recording sonde. The spectrum of temperature variance at intermediate scale is very steep down to vertical wave numbers of 10−2m−1, which shows that in the upper atmosphere the occurrence of the inertial subrange is either sporadic or restricted to vertical scales with dimensions less than 100 met

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08621

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Calculations of nonlinear interaction of available potential energy, kinetic energy, enstrophy, and potential enstrophy have been carried out in the domain of wave numbers. The processes of interest are the interactions among waves, the interactions between a given wave and the zonal average, and interactions due to the beta effect for (potential) enstrophy. Results are presented for a three‐month (February through April 1963) period. It is found that available potential energy is cascaded from small to large wave numbers, while kinetic energy is cascaded from intermediate wave numbers to both small and large wave numbers: the greater amounts go to the small wave numbers. Enstrophy and potential enstrophy are cascaded from small to large wave numbers with relatively little accumulation in the middle range (8≤m≤11, wheremis the wave number). Verification of the existence of an inertial subrange is inconclusive, although power spectrum analyses of enstrophy and potential enstrophy yield a −1 power law, combined with a −3 slope for the associated kinetic energy spectrum. A value of 2.5×104m2sec−1is obstained for the coefficient of eddy viscosity by means of Leith's formulation, while the value of the cut‐off wavelength for the −3 range is approximately 420 km by means of the formulat

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08629

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Microwave radiometry data (1.55 cm) taken by aircraft over the Salton Sea have been corrected for viewing angle and atmospheric effects, rectified, and mapped. No fetch‐limited conditions are observed along the upwind shore despite a 15 m sec−1wind, which indicates that the radiometer is sensitive to the short wavelength surface roughness but not to the longer wavelengths. The brightness temperature field can be represented as a nearly linear function of the surface wind sp

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08641

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ground observations and remote‐sensing imagery indicate that efflux from the mouth of South Pass, Mississippi River, expands as a laterally homogeneous layer above the underlying salt water. Flow deceleration and effluent deconcentration are primarily the result of vertical rather than lateral mixing. Field and imagery data correspond closely to theoretical expansion rates predicted as functions of the lateral hydrostatic pressure gradient created by the density contrasts between the river water and sea water. The expansion rate is shown to depend solely upon the density ratio γ given by γ = (ρs‐ ρf)/ρs(where ρsand ρfare the densities of sea water and river water, respectively) and upon the densimetric Froude number at the outletFi=U2/γghwhereUis the mean velocity of the upper layer,gis the acceleration of gravity, andhis the interfacial depth. Flow velocity data agree with predictions based on deceleration caused by salt water

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08649

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The velocity fields associated with edge waves on a sloping beach are examined as possible causes of sedimentary features which have a regular, rhythmic pattern in the longshore direction. It is shown that standing edge waves provide a satisfactory explanation for the formation of crescentic bars in regions of small tidal range, the bars having a longshore wavelength of one‐half that of the edge waves. In the absence of large, incoming surface waves, the edge waves may also form cuspate features on the beach face, with the points of the cusps directly opposite to the horns of the crescentic bars. This situation is commonly observed in nature (Hom‐ma and Sonu, 1963). The results suggest that standing edge waves with periods of 30–60 secs and significant amplitudes must occur extensively on real be

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08662

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For relatively long waves generated by a piston‐type wave maker, the classical linear wave‐maker theory is extended to second order accuracy. Within the limits of validity of the theory, this agrees well with experimental results for the motion generated by a sinusoidally moving wave maker, and shows that secondary waves are associated with the existence of a second harmonic free wave. By giving the wave maker a motion that consists of a first and a second harmonic, it is shown that this free second harmonic wave may be eliminated, so that the generated wave is virtually of permanent f

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08672

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The linear relationship between shear velocities and wind velocities was verified from field data collected on Ecuadorian beaches during periods of sand transport. From these data a Froude number was established that expresses the relationship among wind stress, gravity acceleration, and mean grain size of sand particles. The rate of eolian sand transport by wind can be scaled by using this number. The concept was verified by available field and wind tunnel data on the subject. The equation is expressed as follows:q=K(Fr)3whereqis the rate of eolian sand transport,Kis the eolian sand transport coefficient with the same dimension asq, andFris the Froude number.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08684

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Late spring and early fall measurements were made of carbon dioxide concentration in Bering Sea surface waters north of Amukta and Samalga passes in the eastern Aleutian Islands. High values of CO2, NO3‐N, and salinity were accompanied by low oxygen and temperature values. All the isopleths of these parameters give evidence of vertically mixed water. Seasonal variation of CO2in surface waters was observed particularly in areas of low vertical mixing and high productivit

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i036p08687

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY