摘要:

The distribution of the compounds NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, and HNO3has been calculated for different choices of relevant parameters, the values of which are uncertain. An appreciable part of the NO and NO2is converted to NO3, N2O5, HNO3and possibly HNO2is the ozone layer. Reactions of odd oxygen with NO and NO2may be the dominating reassociation processes for odd‐oxygen particles in the region below 45 km which is very important for the global ozone budget. Several processes may lead to the presence of significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid, and nitric acid in the stratosphere. Reported variations during the solar cycle of ozone concentrations above 30 km (Dütsch, 1969) can be explained by corresponding variations in the stratospheric odd nitrogen oxide content. An artificial increase of the mixing ratio of the oxides of nitrogen in the stratosphere by about 1×10−8may lead to observable changes in the atmospheric ozone level. Chains of reactions involving the constituents OH, H2O2, and HO2also lead to the catalytic destruction of odd oxygen. The presence of nitric acid with a mixing ratio of about 3×10−9in the ozone layer (Murcray et al., 1968; Rhine et al., 1969) indicates much larger OH and HO2concentrations than can be explained solely by the reaction O(1D) + H2O → 2 OH. The reaction N2O5+ H2O → 2HNO3followed by O + HNO3→ OH + NO3may also be an important source of OH if the rate constants given by Jaffe and Ford (1967) are adopted. It is difficult to explain the measured nitric acid concentrations between 20 and 30 km with the reaction HO2+ NO +M→ HNO3+M. Laboratory data (Asquith and Tyler, 1969) indicate that the reaction H2O2+ NO2→ HNO3+ OH (Nicolet, 1970α) is unimportan

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07311

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although reaction with the earth's surface has been considered the major, if not the only, sink for tropospheric ozone, both theoretical considerations and field observation suggest that gas phase reactions are also a major sink. Field data obtained in a joint study by the University of North Carolina and Research Triangle Institute have shown that gas phase destruction of ozone takes place. The data have also given an indication of the magnitude of the process. Our measurements of the oxides of nitrogen and ozone and the simultaneous changes observed in their concentrations bear out the concept that the NOx‐O3reactions are a significant sink for ozon

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07328

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The structure of turbulent‐shear flows above propagating waves is investigated experimentally in a wind and wave facility at the University of Florida. Wave‐induced perturbations and their importance in transferring momentum to waves is a central question in this study. The turbulent air velocities were measured in the horizontal and vertical directions by using a two channel hot‐film anemometer system. Turbulence measurements were obtained both in the presence and absence of mechanical waves with wave height =8.9 cm and wave speed =2.23 m/sec. Power spectra of air turbulence indicate the presence of significant wave‐induced peaks in both the horizontal and vertical velocities at the frequency of mechanical wave. The peaks disappear in the absence of mechanical waves. Calculations of momentum transfer to waves based on the wave‐induced Reynolds stress and on the measured growth rate of waves indicate that the interaction of surface waves with the turbulent flow above them produces significant momentum transfer in addition to the wave‐ind

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07334

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water‐vapor samples were collected from the surface to 9.2‐km altitude over Scottsbluff, Nebraska from November 1965 to January 1967 and over the eastern Pacific and Death Valley from July 1966 to August 1967. During spring, the resulting profiles of the T/H ratio generally show an increase with altitude. However the mixing ratio of tritiated water vapor decreases with altitude, reaches a minimum at 7 km and increases again above that level. The shape of the mixing ratio profile is shown to be a product of the vertical transport of HTO by precipitation and eddy diffusion and two source regions of HTO vapor: the tropopause and the continental surface. The profile is further modified by two processes. Below the freezing level at around 3 km, ice crystals falling from above inject their high T content into the environmental water vapor which acts as a source of HTO vapor. Below 2 km, horizontal advection of oceanic air with lower T content plays a role. The profiles show also that in 1966 the influence of HTO re‐evaporated from the continental surface is limited to altitudes below 2 km. The re‐evaporated HTO nevertheless considerably modifies the seasonal variation of the T content in rain even over the oceans. The theoretical shape of the steadystate profile above the freezing level is calculated and fitted to the experimental data for the mixing ratio. The resulting vertical profile for the average mixing ratio in spring 1966 is 〈M〉 = 4.4 · 106· exp [(z‐ 3.37)/1.91] + 1.47 · 108· exp [(z‐ 3.37)/2.42] [HTO molecules/kg air]wherezis the altitude above g

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07351

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sonic anemometer‐thermometer has been used in a study of Reynolds stress, sensible heat flux, and velocity and temperature spectra over ice and over water in the Beaufort Sea. The wind‐drag coefficient over ice for stable conditions isC10=0.0026, and over water for unstable conditionsC10=0.0

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07368

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new method is devised to predict the development of turbulent buoyant jets discharged to infinite, quiescent, stratified ambients. The method uses the integral conservation equations of mass, energy, tangential momentum, and vertical momentum. The integrals involving velocity and density are defined with Gaussian profiles. A new entrainment function is derived using the mechanical energy integral equation in conjunction with the preceding equations. This new entrainment function includes the effects of buoyancy and jet orientation. The two entrainment coefficients are defined with measurements of the simple momentum jet and simple plume only. Predictions obtained with this method are compared with experimental data for vertical and nonvertical buoyant jets discharged to uniform and stratified ambients. Finally, a series of figures is presented from which one can determine the maximum height of rise for different values of jet discharge angle, Froude number, and stratification parameter.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07375

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Illumination at various levels in an undisturbed snow cover was measured with CdS cells at intervals during the winter, along with air permeability and density. Extinction coefficients for particular layers increased with time. Measured values in the snow layer near the soil ranged from 0.072 cm−1to 0.313 cm−1, computed as an average for light in the 0.5 to 0.7‐μ region. Coefficients for higher levels varied from 0.059 cm−1to 0.148 cm−1. A relation between the extinction coefficient, air permeability, and density based on the Carmen‐Kozney assumption predicts the observed values with f

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07385

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A two‐dimensional Cauchy‐Poisson problem is considered where the initial surface disturbance is a given localized constant elevation (or depression) at the water surface with no initial impulse. The solution for the surface profile obtained from the linearized theory of water waves is in the form of an improper integral and asymptotic methods are used to approximate the ‘exact’ solution. The asymptotic solutions are compared to a direct numerical integration of the integral to determine the region of application of asymptotic methods. Experimental data and analytic solutions are compared to determine the region of validity of linearized theory. Nonlinear effects are clearly noted as the height of the elevation (or depression) and length of the disturbance i

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07389

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The existing theory for wave refraction in shoaling water failed to describe wave behavior near a caustic because the theory gave an infinitely high wave amplitude in the immediate vicinity of the caustic. This difficulty was overcome by employing a uniform asymptotic solution involving the Airy function. The results show that when gravity waves approach a caustic, the amplitudes increase monotonically and reach a maximum immediately before the caustic. On the other side of the caustic (in the shadow region) the wave amplitudes decrease exponentially with increasing distance from the caustic. It is also found that a |π/2| phase shift occurs after the waves pass through a caustic point

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07401

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Theories on the behavior of turbulent buoyant plumes generally form three classes: (1) strictly self‐similar models valid only in a uniform environment; (2) quasi‐similar models based on flux conservation of mass, momentum, and heat; and (3) quasi‐similar models based on conservation of momentum, heat, and kinetic energy of mean motion. Few direct comparisons of the various numerical solutions for the different models have been reported; and little attempt has been made to compare the formulation of models (2) and (3) in spite of the fact that such a comparison must form the basis for an understanding of their differences. The following contribution has been stimulated by yet another solution published recently by Fox in this journal, but differs from earlier papers in that it concentrates wholly on a discussion of the equations used in the two quasi‐similarity approaches. The relationship between the field and gross‐flux forms of the equations of motion is considered. In particular, it is shown that the use of the flux equations for vertical momentum and kinetic energy is not equivalent to the use of flux equations for mass and vertical momentum, and that the latter pair is to be

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC076i030p07409

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY