摘要:

A preliminary account is given of the radiation observations made with Satellite 1958ε. The earlier discovery of the great radiation belt around the earth with Satellites 1958α and 1958γ has been confirmed and greatly extended with an apparatus of much greater dynamic range and discrimination. It appears likely that many important geophysical phenomena are intimately related to the reservoir of charged particles found to be trapped in the outer reaches of the earth's magnetic fie

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00271

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The apparent advantages of a Lloyd's mirror interferometer are enumerated. A detailed description is given of the installation which is a variable spacing interferometer whose spacing changes in a smooth and continuous manner from zero to six kilometers during about one half hour. The ionospheric effects which appear as fluctuations are discussed. The ionospheric horizon was observed to be peculiarly high in the east. This may be due to a bulge in the earth's atmosphere near the equator or to the proposed ring current circulating around the equator 5.5 earth radii distant. The radio astronomy of celestial sources will appear in Part II.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00287

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations were secured at 20, 30, 50, and 100 Mc/s. Fluctuations are greatly reduced by averaging data. Cassiopeia is found to be an elliptical ring 2.3′ by 1.5′ inside a halo, a few minutes of arc in diameter. The halo increases in size and intensity relative to the pairing at lower frequencies. Cygnus contains a nucleus<1′ wide by 2′ long in a halo about 4′ diameter. Hydra contains a source about 5′ wide. Observations of the sun confirm that the maximum obscuration is toward the east. Surges from Jupiter at 30 Mc/s ar

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00293

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was made of the variations of the maximum electron number density in the ionosphericF2 layer during magnetic storms. Fifty‐one strong storms and 58 weak storms were studied. The data were collected during the ten‐year period 1946–1955, at 38 ionospheric stations between 60.4°N and 60.4° geomagnetic latitudes. The ionospheric stations were put into eight zones according to their geomagnetic latitudes. Storm‐time variations in the maximum electron number density (Dst) and disturbance daily variations during each six‐hour period (DS) were obtained for each of the eight zones.The Dst variation in higher middle‐latitudes was characterized by an initial short increase followed by a much larger decrease, the amplitude of the decrease being accentuated in summer. In the equatorial region, however, the phase of the variation was the opposite of that in higher latitudes. There was generally an increase after an initial short decrease, with no seasonal effect. The Dst variation at intermediate latitudes resembled that at higher latitudes in summer and that at the equatorial region in winter, with the average over all seasons being relatively flat.The diurnal component of the DS variation for each six‐hour period indicated, on the harmonic dial, a change in the clockwise sense except in the equatorial region. The maximum amplitude of the diurnal component of the mean of the DS variations showed a gradual decrease from higher toward lower latitudes, with a subsequent increase in the equatorial region. A remarkable change of the phase of the diurnal component also occurred from higher toward

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00305

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations of the counting rate of a single Geiger counter at the Pfotzer maximum (∼50 gm/cm2atmospheric depth), when compared with nucleonic intensity data obtained with a sea‐level neutron monitor, indicate the temporary presence of radiation in excess of. normal cosmic radiation during geophysical disturbances at a latitude well below the auroral zone. In the absence of such disturbances, the total intensity variations at the intensity maximum were found to be 2.2 times larger than variations of the nucleonic intensity at sea le

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00323

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a study of the average contour length changes and trough developments at the 300‐mb level following geomagnetic disturbances from October 1956 through March 1957. A ‘contour length index’ and a ‘trough index’ were developed to measure the degree of disturbance of the 300‐mb circulation over western North America and the eastern Pacific Ocean and the intensity of troughs in this circulation. Three trough classifications were defined and the development of all troughs appearing in the Aleutian Island‐Gulf of Alaska area were analyzed by class.The results suggest that troughs which appeared in the Aleutian Island‐Gulf of Alaska area a few days after an abrupt increase in geomagnetic activity subsequently developed a stronger average cyclonic curvature than other troughs. The largest trough developments and the maximum contour lengths occurred, on the average, eight to nine days after the magnetic disturbance. Added studies will be needed to determine whether the suggested relationships a

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00331

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some effects of low‐elevation‐angle terminations of electronic wind soundings are indicated by statistics from two climatological projects. These effects bias mean values, standard deviations, and inter‐level correlations. Examples are given, and the suggestion made that the climatic record of upper winds be routinely augmented by interpolated synoptic v

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00343

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observations of summer thunderstorms developing over Mt. Withington, New Mexico, show that electrification begins early in the cloud's development. Measurements within the cloud and above it show that electric charge accumulations similar in polarity to those of the mature storm begin to form before any echo can be seen with an x‐band radar and before any electrical perturbations can be detected on the mountain summit beneath the cloud.Measurements of potential gradient were made within the cloud with radiosondes supported on tethered balloons. It was found that the gradient within the cloud was far larger than that outside the cloud and that it reached values as high as 20 v cm−1before the appearance of the radar echo. Measurements made from an airplane flying over the top of the growing cloud showed that here the fair weather potential gradient reversed before any radar echo could be seen. The development of the initial electrical activity appeared to be closely related to convective activity as indicated by tension on the line holding the tethered balloon and by the rapid rise of the cloud tops.The initial radar precipitation echo within the cloud was frequently in the form of a hollow inverted cup that usually filled in and became solid in a few minu

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00347

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The velocity of sound has been measured between the liquidus and solidus temperatures in two‐component systems. For high frequencies, the results show the transitions to be second order transitions. On this basis, the decrease in velocity in regionFof the earth's core, reported by Jeffreys, is shown to be inconsistent with the assumption of a simple iron‐nickel composition for both the solid inner and liquid outer co

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00359

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Temperature soundings in the ocean off Bermuda are available for 85 years. All records show the water mass just beneath the surface to be remarkably constant in temperature and salinity. Oxygen measurements indicate that this water is in convective contact with the atmosphere each winter. More detailed and frequent measurements made by the ship Panulirus are here presented for the first time, substantiating this remarkable and puzzling climatic stability of near‐surface water in the northwestern Sargasso Se

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ064i003p00363

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY