摘要:

The seasonal and latitudinal behavior of N2O and NOxin the stratosphere is investigated on the basis of their currently known natural sources and sinks by using a two‐dimensional model that permits both horizontal and vertical transport processes to be incorporated along with photochemical processes. The results show that the distributions of N2O and NOxderived under the combined influences of photochemical effects and atmospheric transports are in qualitative agreement with the observed data. Since the photochemical equilibrium theory alone cannot be expected to yield realistic solutions, the model results also suggest that the parameterized transports, namely, the large‐scale eddy effects and the mean meridional motions that affect the photochemical production and loss processes through redistribution, can be important in maintaining the seasonal and latitudinal variations of N2O and NOxin the stratosphere. The vertical distributions of NOxindicate that the mixing ratio increases in the stratosphere from its lower boundary value (3 ppb) by a factor of 6 in summer and 4 in winter on the average. In the meridional direction the NOxmixing ratio varies by a factor of 2, higher values occurring near the summer pole. The lower boundary condition influences the NOxconcentration in the lower stratosphere, but it has a negligible effect in the middle and upper stratospheres. It is found that the NOxin the stratosphere predominantly consists of NO in the upper stratosphere, NO plus NO2in the middle layer, and HNO3in the lower stratosphere. The model computations on NO, NO2, and HNO3are also in qualitative agreement with the recent measurements of these constituents in the stratosph

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01125

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Waterdrops were suspended in vertical streams of N2, Ar, or He gas with relative humidities of 0, 50, and 100% to determine the effects of evaporation and isotopic exchange on the deuterium and oxygen‐18 contents of the drops. Equilibrium fractionation was found to exist between a drop and vapor at its surface (even during rapid evaporation in zero humidity atmospheres), but a kinetic fractionation occurred during diffusive transport of the vapor species (H2O, HDO, and H218O) between the surface of the drop and the free atmosphere. In dry atmospheres the kinetic fractionation was given by (D/D′)n, whereD/D′ is the ratio of the diffusion coefficients of H2O and HDO or H216O and H218O in the particular gas used. The exponentnwas found to be in good agreement with the value obtained from studies of evaporation rates of falling drops by previous authors (n= 0.58). In moist atmospheres the kinetic fractionation depended also on the relative humidity and isotopic composition of the atmospheric vapor. Exchange adjustment times for isotopic equilibration of drops with saturated atmospheres were measured and found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions. Applications of the results to the study of atmospheric processes and isotopic fractionation during evaporation of lakes are disc

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01133

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experimental data and theoretical calculations on the scattering of high‐frequency acoustic signals from oceanic internal waves are presented. Acoustic data on internal waves are compared with simultaneous temperature (towed thermistor) data. The comparisons have shown a high degree of correspondence between the temperature and the acoustic data. Theoretical calculations for the acoustic scattering cross section σ are made by assuming that temperature fluctuations give rise to the acoustic scattering. An enhanced cross section for scattering from layered temperature fluctuations is to be expected, in agreement with the 1973 calculations of W. H. Munk and C. Garre

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01147

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cross bispectra among a set of 17 traces of internal waves separated in increments of about 3 m show apparent nonlinear interactions over a wide range of frequency triplets. Evidence suggests that a strong peak found in the ordinary spectra of the deeper waves results at least in part through acquisition of energy by nonlinear interaction with numerous other lower‐energy components. There is also evidence of non‐linear interaction between two components of like frequency in the presence of a third, zero frequency compon

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01152

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Towed sensor data from the main thermocline in the Sargasso Sea south of Bermuda during the Mid‐Ocean Dynamics Experiment are reported and compared with the Garrett and Munk internal wave model. The tows consisted of two sensor suites vertically spaced 11 or 21 m apart; the depth of tow was varied so as to continuously bracket an isothermal surface. Spectral analysis in the wave number band from 0.015 to 5 cycles km−1results in a vertical displacement spectrum of the isopycnal surface that is statistically indistinguishable from earlier estimates in the same area. In this wave number band, agreement with both the 1972 and the 1975 versions of the Garrett and Munk internal wave model is good, though the model predicts a spectral level about one third too high. The vertical coherence spectra obtained from the temperature fluctuations at the two separations describe the horizontal wave number bands over which vertical coherency is lost. The 1975 model underestimates coherency but can be brought into better agreement by reducing the ‘mode number s

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01163

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As an extension of Eady's model, two new baroclinic models are studied in this paper: Model 1 consists of a layer with constant shear surmounting a quiescent layer, and model 2 consists of a more statically stable uniform layer of constant zonal flow surmounting a layer with constant shear. In model 1 two special cases are considered, one in which the upper shear layer is more stably stratified than the lower quiescent layer (1a) and another in which the upper layer is less stably stratified than the lower layer (1b). The stability properties of model 16 and model 2 turn out to be very similar, since for the same shear, depth ratio, and static stability ratio the growth rates are the same and the wave structure of model 1bis the symmetric image of that of model 2. The wavelengths of the stability cutoff wave and the most unstable wave and the growth rate of the most unstable wave are considerably influenced by the presence of a quiescent layer in model 1abut are only moderately influenced by this quiescent layer in model 1bor by the uniform layer in model 2. The unstable wave moves eastward with a velocity slower than that of the vertically averaged mean current in the shear layer in model 1 but faster than the mean current in the shear layer in model 2. The deviation of the phase velocity from this mean current becomes larger the longer the wave. Typical parameters for an oceanic current system, such as the Gulf Stream, are applied to model 1a, and typical parameters for an atmospheric mid‐latitude zonal flow are applied to model 2. The implications regarding long waves are that just as the long atmospheric waves penetrate the tropopause into the stratosphere, so the long oceanic waves penetrate the base of the thermocline to great depths, although the horizontal scales for the two systems are considerably differen

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01168

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurements of near‐surface salinity and temperature were made over a period of 16 months in the Connecticut River estuary, an estuary basically of the salt wedge type. The temperature distribution was found to be very highly correlated with the salinity distribution. The horizontal salinity distribution occurred primarily in two modes, a riverine mode and a plume mode, corresponding to salinity transitions mostly within the river itself and to those mostly within Long Island Sound. Similarity variables are developed for each of the two distribution modes which render the data in compact forms that should have applications to other estuaries of a similar typ

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01176

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01184

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01186

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JC080i009p01188

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY