摘要:

Data for the vertical distribution of ozone, for surface ozone and for total ozone collected at Amundsen‐Scott, New Byrd, and Hallett stations are presented and analyzed. Although the set of observations is not complete, the following conclusions appear to be valid: (1) Over the three stations there was no accumulation of ozone during the winter. (2) Large changes in the thermal structure of the stratosphere are not accompanied by large changes of the shape of the vertical ozone profile. (3) Surface ozone concentrations show a maximum early in the winter, at least over the western half of Antarctica. Concentrations are higher at Amundsen‐Scott station, in the polar plateau, than at any West Antarctica coastal stat

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01767

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Approximately 200 samples of rainwater, aerosol, and gas were collected from the atmosphere in the zone of the northeast trade winds on the island of Hawaii west of Hilo and over the ocean east of Hilo during the summer of 1963. Analysis of these samples by neutron activation showed that: (1) The I/Cl and Br/Cl ratios in the rain samples increased with increasing altitude, and the I/Cl ratio was 500 to 1000 times higher than in sea water while the Br/Cl ratio was only slightly higher than the seawater value. (2) The I/Cl ratio in aerosol particles increased with increasing alitude and distance from the sea. On the shore the I/Cl ratio was 10 to 40 times greater than the seawater value, while a half mile inland the I/Cl ratio was over 200 times greater than the seawater ratio. (3) The Br/Cl ratio was greater than the seawater value for aerosol samples collected on land but was less than the seawater ratio for samples collected from an aircraft over the ocean. (4) There was a tendency for the I/Cl ratio to increase with decreasing particle size for the aerosol samples. (5) Approximately half of the Cl and Br present in the Hawaiian atmosphere was in a gaseous form, whereas a larger percentage of the I apparently existed as a gas.Some of the possible mechanisms which might cause the well‐known atmospheric I enrichment, such as photochemical oxidation of iodide at the sea surface and the presence of an I‐rich organic film on the sea surface, are correlated with the results of this investigation. A tentative explanation involving photochemical oxidation and possible Br contamination from automobile exhausts is offered for the surprising difference in the Br/Cl ratios over sea and l

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01775

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The heat‐transfer equation for the atmosphere is integrated numerically for a 24‐hour period; various forms are assumed for the heat exchange coefficientKH. The results are in reasonably good agreement with observation. The maximum error is about 1.5°K when the ratioKH/Km=ris 1 and a scaling height is made a function of the local potential temperature grad

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01801

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Direct measurements of snow accumulation at stakes near the South Pole over a 6‐year period (1958–1963) provide an unusual opportunity to check the reliability of accumulation and annual‐layer determinations by stratigraphic and isotopic methods. The results are gratifying. Agreement between interpretations based on stratigraphic and isotopic data is excellent, and both are consistent with accumulation‐stake measurements in nearly all respects. All three procedures indicate an average annual accumulation of 7 cm of water at the South Pole over the 1958–1963 interval. Isotope data suggest that depth‐hoar formation may result in relative enrichment in O18. This could come about through partial recondensation of vapor generated within the depth‐hoar layer accompanied by escape of residual vapor impove

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01809

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measured oxygen isotope variations for determining net accumulation rates in three sections of snow and ice core from a drilling project, at King Baudouin Station on Princesse Ragnhild Coast, Antarctica, are reported and discussed. Results of this investigation show that the 6.10‐m surface core section was deposited during 7.5 years, with a yearly mean accumulation of 38.5 cm of water. The intermediate section, from 43.70‐ to 52.26‐m depth, was deposited during 16 to 18 years (depending on interpretation), with a yearly mean accumulation of 41.5 to 36.9 cm of water. The deepest section, from 98.70‐ to 101.60‐m depth, was deposited during 10 years, with a yearly mean accumulation of 24.6 cm of water. The decrease of the mean yearly accumulation measured in the deepest section is probably due to the plastic deformation of the expanding shelf and possibly to a different accumulation rate in the past. The differences among the mean δ values in the three sections are attributed to climatic change and are consistent with the temperature increase observed in Antarctica during the las

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01815

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of air flow on effective thermal conductivitykeand water vapor diffusivityDeof naturally compacted snow has been determined experimentally. The technique consists of a system involving countercurrent flow of air and heat and the measurement of steady‐state temperature distribution parallel to the axis of cylindrical samples. Empirical equations are presented forkeandDein terms of snow densities ρsvarying from 0.50 to 0.59 g/cm3and the mass flow rate of dry airGin the range of 5 to 32×10−4g/cm2sec. These relationships can be expressed aske= 0.0077ρs2+ 0.60GandDe= 0.65 + 2113ρs3.20G0.615. For natural convection, i.e.,G= 0,kereduces to 0.0077ρs2cal/cm sec °C andDetakes the value 0.65 cm2/sec. Both values are in agreement with previously reported experimental results. Prior published studies by this author have shownkeandDeto be functions ofGonly for similar variations in density (0.376 to 0.472 g/cm3) with unconsolidated sno

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01821

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mean tidal ranges of 3.4 and 3.1 feet and cotidal hours of 11.85 and 11.74 lunar hours were recorded over a period of 6 days at two stations on the Atlantic continental shelf. The first station was approximately 93 nautical miles southeast of Nantucket Island in 690 feet of water, and the second was approximately 73 nautical miles south of Block Island in 840 feet. The observations were made with bottom‐mounted pressure‐induced tide gages. Simultaneous recordings from thirteen shoreline‐mounted gages provide data for correcting the open ocean observations to mean values representative of the 19‐year lunar node cycle. The corrected values are: 12.00 lunar hours, 2.7 feet (mean) and 3.2 feet (spring) at the first location and 11.95 lunar hours, 2.5 feet (mean) and 3.0 feet (spring) at the second. The geographical distributions of cotidal and co‐range lines are presented for

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01827

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is an analysis of the results of 59 flume experiments conducted in a 100‐foot recirculating flume at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Sedimentation Laboratory. Studies were made of total bed material transport as determined by fractional sampling, static and dynamic dune properties, and head losses encountered by flow over an alluvial bed. Under the conditions of these experiments, total load and bed load appeared to be determined by mean velocity alone when moving dunes were present on the bed. If mean velocity was larger than the value producing minimum bed friction factor, total load then became a function of mean bed shear stress alone. The value of the variable α was related rather well to the type of bed form, mean dune height, and the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor relative to the bed. A limited comparison between bed material and bed load transport rates with those predicted according to various formulas showed the Schoklitsch formula to have the best balance between accuracy and ease of computa

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01831

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Determination of the activity ratio Th230/U234in corals from the Pleistocene Key Largo limestone, a fossil coral reef, leads to the conclusion that the reef‐forming corals lived about 130,000 years ago in a sea that stood about 10 meters higher than today. Similar ages for the Pleistocene Miami oolite suggest that this formation represents oolitic sand deposited contemporaneously with the coral reef. The age calculation is based on the assumption that living corals extract no thorium from sea water and thus any Th230found in fossils results from the decay of U234. Measurements made on Recent corals from the same area generally confirm this assumptio

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01843

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The attenuation coefficient of ice in a temperate valley glacier was measured by spectral analysis of the pressure pulse, directly transmitted through the ice from a small explosion. Values varied from 0.014±.002/m at 2.5 kc/s to 0.215±.002/m at 15 kc/s. The attenuation function follows a form α =A+Bƒ4closely, suggesting Rayleigh‐type scattering as the dominant source of attenuation of high‐frequency acoustic waves in glacial ice. Scattering from ice crystal boundaries is compatible with the observed scattering coef

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/JZ070i008p01849

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY