摘要:

An investigation of the effect of transplanted renal allografts on human blood mononuclear leucocytes has revealed a significant increase in the rate of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during clinically diagnosed rejection episodes. This increased metabolic activity was shown to be related to a simultaneous increase in the number of “atypical mononuclear cells” present in the circulating blood at this time. These cells are morphologically distinct from lymphoid cells and resemble immature cells of the myeloid series. The appearance of these cells during rejection episodes suggests that they are associated with the immune reaction, rather than with a nonspecific event, and that they are of value for the early diagnosis of rejection episodes in clinical renal transplantation.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

H-2 Specificities 23, 25, 11, 1, and 5, when arranged in this order, form an inclusion or subtype system, with 23 showing the narrowest distribution. Three of these specificities, 23, 25, and 11, are assigned to the K crossover region; the other two usually are assigned to the E region. Because of ambiguities in regard to 1 and 5, these specificities were selected for detailed study. Our panel of strains included two, PL/J and SM/J, with new alleles designated, respectively,H-2uandH-2v. Included also was strain B10. Y, previously typed asH-2q, but which now has an allele similar to or identical withH-2p. We provisionally call itpa.The panel did not includenin terms of whichH-2.1was originally defined. However, allelespandnare similar, and our anti-pand anti-pasera contained antibodies with reactions closely approximating those expected of an anti-1. Recipients for the production of antisera were selected to exclude as many antibodies as possible other than 1. Antisera were analyzed by direct hemagglutination and cytotoxicity against standard panels of cells. Many were also analyzed by in vivo hemagglutination absorption, and some, by quantitative in vitro cytotoxic absorption. Antisera made against allelesp, pa, s, v, andowere 1-like, in the range of their reactions, but showed individual differences. An antiserum made against alleleqalso contained a 1-like antibody, although it was complicated by the presence of anti-11. Antisera made withpas one parent of the recipient and withsas the donor (and also in the reverse combination) contained 1-like antibodies. We refer to these as blocked anti-1 sera. All unblocked anti-por anti-pasera reacted by hemagglutination withs, and one was fully absorbed bys.The individual differences in the reaction patterns of the antisera were largely confined to the 1-positive, 23-negative alleles. We refer to these as 1-intermediate alleles. Reactions with these alleles were often weak. With the 1-positive, 23-positive alleles (designated 1-complete alleles), except for some weak reactions by the blocked sera, the reactions were consistently strong. The differences in strength of reactivity between 1-intermediate and 1-complete alleles were particularly clear in the cytotoxic absorption tests. We suggest as a possible explanation a unidirectional cross reaction between 1 and 23. Crossover alleleoreceived 1, but not 23, from 1-complete allelek; as would be predicted, it behaved like a 1-intermediate. We suggest that the variability of the reactions of the 1-intermediate alleles reflects mutational variation in their 1 sites, sufficient similarity remaining so that cross reactions occur, however. This hypothesis also explains the formation of 1-like antibodies in blocked combinations. The 1-complete alleles, because their EK regions trace through successive

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Three new cytotoxicH-2specificities are defined. H-2.37 is present in allelesf, p, andpa;H-2.38 in allelesp, pa, andw;and H-2.39 in allelesb, f, andi.The first two specificities have appeared in a number of antisera and, in every case, were without hemagglutinating activity. H-2.39 was very weakly hemagglutinating in one antiserum, nonhemagglutinating in another. The presence of 39 in alleleband the crossover-derivediand its absence from crossoverhplaces 39 at the K end (although not necessarily in the K region) of theH-2crossover map.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A semimicromethod for performing mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) tests was devised, permitting a 10–20-fold increase in the number of tests which can be made from any given sample. Optimization of various parameters in the test and identification of the key factors which would allow this reduction in the number of test cells without loss in resolution were investigated. The use of lymphocytes which were almost free of red cells and of granulocytes, micropolyethylene tubes, and high levels of3H-thymidine were the principal modifications permitting the reduction in the number of cells to 0.05 X 106. Lymphocytes obtained from transport bags mailed to the laboratory were also effective. Ten pairs ofHL-A-identical siblings gave an average stimulation ratio of 1.12, whereas the same siblings reacted to one-haplotype different related donors with a mean ratio of 9.64 and to unrelated persons with a mean ratio of 25.72.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A miniaturized method for the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) test is described which results in substantial savings in cells, medium, and time. The test is done in microtiter plates using 0.2-ml culture volumes. Concentrations of responding and stimulating cells are varied, depending on the experiment. Significant discrimination between isogeneic and allogeneic mixtures is possible when cultures are labeled for a 16–20-hr period starting at 48 hr. The method measures MLC identity, as previously defined, and quantitates in a manner significantly correlated with the macro method.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The present paper describes a standardized procedure for production and purification of horse antihuman thymocyte IgG (ATG) of high purity (98% IgG) and the in vitro properties of the purified product. Around 50% of the serum IgG was recovered. The ATG preparations were stable, had weak anticomplementary activity, were well tolerated when given i.m. or i.v. to monkeys, and contained no demonstrable Au antigens. The cytotoxicity of anti-Macaca thymocyte IgG on human lymphocytes was 20–25% of the activity against Macaca lymphocytes. Anti-Macaca ATG inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes. Antisera to human thymocytes were raised by two different procedures, one of which employed a priming dose of Macaca thymocytes to conserve human antigen. Prolonged and pulse immunizations with thymocytes were compared in two groups of horses. The opsonizing activity of ATG raised by pulse immunization did not fall below the activity of ATG produced by prolonged immunization. The correlation between the cytotoxic and opsonizing activities of ATG was weak.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Allograft immunity of mice to transplantation antigens was demonstrated by in vitro migration inhibition procedures. Spleen cell suspensions from mice sensitized to histocompatibility antigens by skin graft or i.p. injection of allogeneic spleen cells failed to migrate normally in vitro when incubated with the appropriate spleen cell extracts. Extracts from other lymphoid tissue of the donor mice, including lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow, and from nonlymphoid tissue, such as kidney and liver, also resulted in inhibition of migration of spleen cells from sensitized mice. Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was induced in cultures of such cells when incubated with the appropriate spleen cell extracts. The ability of cells derived from other lymphoid organs to respond in the in vitro assay was studied. Lymph node cells from sensitized mice produced MIF when stimulated by alloantigens present in spleen extracts. Thymus and bone marrow cells did not produce MIF under the same conditions. Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs also were effective indicators for the in vitro migration inhibition assay. Either sensitized mouse spleen cells from grafted animals or MIF produced in culture inhibited the migration of the guinea pig macrophages. The degree of inhibition was directly related to the time interval between sensitization of the donor animal and the time of assay. Maximum reactions occurred only during the first 2 weeks after sensitization by skin graft or spleen cell injection. The relationship between the degree of sensitization and in vivo responses was discussed in terms of cellular versus humoral mechanisms.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Murine hearts were “free grafted‘’ to the pinna of adult mouse ears in order to evaluate immunological and physiological factors influencing the take, survival, and function of myocardial grafts in inbred mice. Visible pulsations, electrical activity, and histology were used to ascertain the viability of the grafted hearts. Cardiac isografts from fetal donors showed slightly better survival (72 of 95) than did those from newborn donors (27 of 40). Twenty-two fetal cardiac isografts in the CBA strain showed 100% survival. Some isografts and parent to F1semiisografts have pulsated for longer than 2 years. Approximately one-half of unsexed isografted hearts underwent a slow late rejection (within 20–80 weeks) by female but not by male recipients, suggesting that the Eichwald-Silmser effect is operative for cardiac transplants as well as for skin grafts. Y factor immunity was not demonstrated in CBA mice, and isografts to either sex were equally successful (22 of 22 at 86 weeks). F1to parent and histoincompatible allogeneic heart grafts were rapidly rejected;H-2-incompatible andH-2-compatible allogeneic grafts were rejected within 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Electrical changes associated with the rejection of the free grafted hearts were characterized by accelerated rate, decreased voltage, and increased incidence of arrhythmia.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Treatment ofH-2-incompatible murine cardiac allograft recipients with rabbit antimouse thymocyte serum (RAMTS) significantly delayed rejection. Withholding treatment until 9 days after grafting was still effective in improving allograft survival. I.v. administration of RAMTS resulted in a greater percentage of long-term allograft survival in C57BL/6 mice than did equivalent doses of RAMTS administered s.c. Susceptibility to cardiac allograft prolongation by RAMTS was strain-dependent. Graft prolongation was significantly greater in C57BL/6 strain mice than in all other strains tested. Concomitant with the rejection response in RAMTS-treated mice was the development of antibody to the RAMTS proteins, particularly IgG. Of four drugs tested, i.e., cytosine arabinoside, azathioprine, prednisolone, and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) (maximum dose of 100 mg/kg every 3rd day starting on the day of transplantation), only 6MP produced marginal 3-weekH-2-incompatible cardiac allograft prolongation. Combination therapy with prednisolone, azathioprine, and RAMTS did not prevent antibody formation against the RAMTS IgG and did not prolong the survival of murine heart grafts beyond that which could be expected with RAMTS treatment alone.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The identification of a number of leukocyte antigens of chimpanzees is described. Suggestive evidence was obtained that some of the isoantisera recognize specificities of a hypothetical genetic system of chimpanzee antigens which, in analogy with the humanHL-Asystem, is tentatively calledChL-A.We demonstrated the similarity of severalChL-Aspecificities with human antigens of theHL-Asystem by typing chimpanzee cells with monospecific human sera and human cells with chimpanzee isoantisera. Several chimpanzee sera contained antibodies of distinctHL-Aspecificity when used for human tissue typing (HL-A1, 7, and 11); antigens 4a and 4b appear to be distributed in an alternate fashion, also, on cells of unrelated chimpanzees.

ISSN:0041-1337    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID