摘要:

Literature.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn the mouse spermatogenesis appears to begin at the time of weaning.The volume of the interstitial cell nuclei remains fairly constant until the age of 15 months, when there is a remarkable increase.The absolute number of interstitial cells increases up to the age of 6 months, after which there is a slight decrease.As the number of interstitial cells relative to the tubules is ten times greater about the time of birth than at any other age, criticism of the iterstitial cell theory based on purely relative figures may be dismissed.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.We now have a good idea of the larval stages ofDromia vulgaris. It is evident from the above descriptions that the larvæ differ in almost every important point from those of the Brachyura, although the brachyuran larva has certain characters which may be derived from the Galatheidæ. Firstly, it differs in the armature of the pre‐zoea; afterwards, in the form of the carapace and spines of the zoea, antennule, antenna, in the presence of a functional swimming exopodite on the third maxillipede and in the number of setæ on the expodites of the maxillipedes, in the presence of a functional exopodite on the first leg and traces of exopodites on the second and third, in the shape and armature of the telson, and in the gills. On the other hand, it has certain features which resembleUpogebiaand its relatives, particularly the antennal endopodite, the functional exopodite on the third maxillipede and the basal endopodite, the functional exopodite on the first leg, and the exopodites on legs 2 and 3. The telson also resembles that of the members of the Thalas‐sinidea except for the fact that there is no median spine. In the gills it differs much. In the armature of the pre‐zoea, the zoeal telson, carapace, functional third maxillipede, and basal endopodite, and in some other minor characters it resembles the Anomura, especially in the gills resembling the Galatheidea, but differs from the Anomura in having exopodites on the first three legs. Thus it combines characters belonging to the anomuran section of the Thalassinidea and to the Anomura.Dromia, however, with other members of the Dromiacea, has characters of its own, the antennal scale being surrounded with setæ which is unlike the Anomura and Thalassinidea, the third maxillipede being functional in the first zoea, the megalopa being spiny and shaped like the Brachyura, but the fifth legs unlike any brachyuran known, and the gills being quite different.It seems that we must remove the Dromiacea from the Brachyura, but, as Gurney rightly says, it is difficult to place it in the Anomura, and it cannot be placed in the Thalassinidea. Apparently the best position for it in a natural classification is in a separate group and not in the direct line of descent of the Brachyura. Possibly, again referring to Gurney, the Brachyura are derived from a stem common to the Galatheidea and Dromiace.L

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1. The reservoir of Haswell (vesicula resorbiens of Merton) is an important part of the female reproductive apparatus ofCaridinicolaandMonodiscus. It lies between the oviduct and the germiduct, and its rôle in these two genera differs from that inTemnocephala. Histologically it is alike in the three genera.2. InCaridinicolathe reservoir stores spermatozoa received in copulation; it receives yolk from the vitelline glands and also the egg from the germarium.3. InMonodiscusthe reservoir accommodates the egg from the germarium as inCaridinicola, but the spermatozoa are stored in a single, comparatively large receptaculum seminis found ventral to the reservoir.4. Surplus reproductive material inCaridinicolapasses out through a temporary reservoir canal, to be absorbed by the intestine. InMonodiscus, where the vitelline duct opens into the genital atrium, there is less surplus material in the reservoir, so that the reservoir conal is vestigial.5. The receptaculum seminis is absent inCaridinicola, but is present inMonodiscusas a single vesicle, which opens into the reservoir and not into the oviduct, as inTemnocephala.6. Comparative study shows that the reservoir is primitively a part of the oviduct (like the ootype), enlarged in this case to accommodate spermatozoa and yolk to supply the egg received from the germarium. This condition is found inCaridinicola. InMonodiscusa receptaculum seminis is cut off to contain the spermatozoa. Finally, inTemnocephalathe reservoir is a vesicle which appears to be distinct from the oviduct, and the receptacula seminis open separately into the oviduct.7. The reproductive apparatus is most primitive inCaridinicola; whileMonodiscusshows an intermediate stage between that ofCaridinicolaand that ofTemnocephala

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The facial musculature of four types of Mammals—one Subprimate and three Primates—has been examined. It has been described under five headings, viz.:—platysmal, superior pre‐auricular, oral, retro‐auricular, and stylo‐hyoidean. This classification indicates the matrices from which each group is derived as closely as is consistent with descriptive anatomy. The platysma was well developed in all except the lemurs, in which it failed to attain attachment to the nuchal, omoidean, clavicular, or genal regions; it has, therefore, been called degenerate. Trachelo‐platysmæ were present only in the lemurs and marmoset; no platysmal derivates were found. Of the superior preauricular group, the M. orbicularis oculi was remarkable in theTupaiaandTarsius; in the former on account of the break in the inferior distal fibres and the attachment to the zygoma of the central fibres. InTarsiusthe muscle was of unusual size and had unusual anterior attachments. At present it is difficult to say if these latter represent a primitive condition laid bare, so to speak, by the apparent overstretching of this muscle to such an extent that it is only one fibre in thickness; or whether it is a specialization peculiar toTarsius. In each of the specimens the M. orbicularis oculi was, laterally, directly continuous with a large superficial orbito‐auriculo‐labial sheet; in Tupaia this was incomplete. In each specimen the lower margin of this sheet was formed by the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior. In the lemurs the muscle lies upon the same plane as, and is closely apposed to, the upper margin of the portio modiolaris platysmæ, as the platysma in this Primate is devoid of a pars supra‐angularis. This led Ruge to consider the M. auriculo‐labialis inferior as a portion of the platysma. InTarsius, however, the former runs deeply and obliquely to, and is unconnected with, the partes supra‐angularis and modiolaris platysmse, and in consequence the muscle has been classified with the superior pre‐auricular musculature. A M. naso‐labialis was present in each specimen, but it differed from that of the dog, as figured by Huber, in that its fibres extend over the medial frontal region. No M. angulo‐naso‐labialis (caput angulare) was present in any specimen, though inTarsiusa M. infra‐orbito‐labialis (caput infra‐orbitale) was well developed. Of the oral group the M. orbicularis oris of each Primate showed a division into partes marginalis and peripheralis, and inTarsiusthe arrangement of these fibres resembled that seen in Anthropoids and Man. In each specimen a M. maxillo‐naso‐labialis was present. With the retro‐auricular group has been classed the M. digastricus posterior and the M. cervicalis transversus. This latter has formerly been considered as a deep layer of the platysma, but the inner

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1. The present paper is supplementary to an earlier publication (3), the purpose of which was to present a detailed investigation of the food‐habits of certain tree‐frogs–as indicated by the examination of food eaten under natural conditions–“(1) in order to test the efficiency of procryptic and warning colours and mimicry in defending insects from predatory attack; and (2) to indicate the part played by these batrachians as a factor in the production of adaptive coloration in insects,”additional support to the existing mass of evidence upon which the theory of warning colours rests, namely, that conspicuous colours in insects are typically associated with disagreeable or distasteful qualities, and that different insectivorous enemies discriminate in the choice of food, learning by experience in nature to recognize and to avoid unpalatable prey.2. The general habits, habitat, and abundance ofHyla arborea var. meri‐dionalisin Gran Canaria are described. The frogs are considered in relation to their biological environment. A close parallelism as regards both habitat and food preferences between the present species and the Rhacophorid tree‐frogHyperolius argusin Portuguese East Africa is discussed. Both frogs, in their respective environments, occupy the same ecological niche.3. The stomach contents of 195 tree‐frogs are tabulated to show (1) the systematic distribution of prey, and (2) the number of frogs containing different groups of food‐animals. 1210 insects and other animals were obtained from 184 frogs containing recognizable material. 12 orders and at least 143 species are represented, as follows:–Hymenoptera, 58.18 per cent.; Coleoptera, 16.54; Diptera, 6.12; Araneee, 5.78; Isopoda, 3.88; Hemiptera, 3.55; Lepidoptera, 3–06; Orthoptera, 1.07; Acarina, 0.74; Chilopoda, 0.74; Neuroptera, 0.17; Amphipoda, 0.17.4. The food‐animals have been classified according to colour, and the results are graphically shown for each of the following groups:–Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Araneæ. Of 617 specimens sufficiently well preserved for critical examination, only 6 (0.97 per cent.) belong to the typically aposematic grou

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A series of experiments has been carried out which show that the fecundity (the number of eggs laid) and the longevity of E.cautellaWlk. and E. ClutellaHb. are about halved if they are deprived of drinking‐water, but that E.kühniellaZ. is only slightly affected by it. It was also found that sugar‐feeding further increased tho longevity of E.kühniellaand E.cautella, but did not increase the fecundity any more than water. When E.cautellawas fed on albumen and water it lived no longer and laid no more eggs than when fed on water alone. A more detailed summary of the results of these experiments is given on p. 350. Chemical tests showed that the enzyme invertase is present in the gut of both E.cautellaand E.kühniella. A summary of the literature concerning these questions in insects in general and more particularly in the Lepidoptera shows that, whereas a sugar diet suffices to maintain life, most adult insects require proteins of some kind for the normal development of their genital products, and in many insects oviposition is entirely conditional upon the taking of such food. The adult Lepidoptera Heteroneura have, as far as is known, completely lost the need for nitrogenous foodstuffs owing to a series of modifications by which their requirements have come to be met by the food stored in tho fat‐body. Table L. shows the probable evolutionary trends which have finally brought about such complete liberation from the need of food that, in the final stage, the mouth‐parts are reduced and no food at all is taken. The various characters involved in these trends do not appear to have been modified simultaneously (e. g., enzymes may persist after the need for them has

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA general description is given of the growth and reproduction of a stock of Golden Hamsters,Cricetus (Mesocricetus) auratusWaterhouse, kept for eight generations under laboratory conditions.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb07757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1934

数据来源: WILEY