摘要:

The aim of the paper is to analyse the judgments involved in making phyletic classifications. It is shown that in addition to the phyletic information obtainable solely from comparative data, other evidence is often available which makes one conclusion about the evolutionary relationships of different forms more probable than others. This evidence principally bears on recognising and allowing for convergence and determining likely evolutionary changes. It comes from a knowledge of the geological age and geographical distribution of forms and from analyses of function, ecology, genetics and intra‐superspecific variation. An understanding of the functional inter‐relationships between structures and the ecological demands made on organisms is shown to be particularly important, since it makes possible the recognition of necessary correlations between characters, evolutionary trends, different adaptations to the same environment, and general improvements. A method is offered for quantifying the judgments where possible, and the procedure for constructing common ancestors is discus

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Reefmachairon the south side of the airfield in Tiree, Argyll is a highly uniform type of grassland which has never been tilled. The airfield was built in the locality during the 1939‐45 war and the perimeter fence constitutes an ecological discontinuity of at least twelve years' standing, between grazed and ungrazed grassland. The differences in the soil fauna on either side of the fence are demonstrated by two similar batteries of pit‐fall traps over a period of twelve months.The catches of the traps consist mainly of arthropods. Over eighty species of invertebrate were identified and some of these were used for quantitative analysis. The numerical differences between catches on grazed and ungrazed plots are great, and the taxonomic groups are classified into those which are favoured by grazed and ungrazed conditions. The abundance peaks of the two plots are compared. Most of the groups have a single peak in autumn, a few in early summer and a few in both early summer and autumn. Numbers caught at times of climatic extreme are discussed. This habitat of highly uniform appearance is found to be heterogeneous and the reasons for this are given.Fencing is an important technique in forestry and wildlife management in Britain. The finer consequences are unknown, and this paper demonstrates what these are likely to be in a simple situation in uniform natural grassland in Ti

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The melanophores ofPhoxinus phoxinusandSalmo gairdneriiremain expanded during an initial phase in development. Treatment with thiourea prolongs this phase, which is associated with a hypothyroid condition. The young fry show a difference from the adults in their rate of response to environmental changes. It is suggested that this is due to an internal change, arising as a result of metabolic stress and causing an endocrine imbalance. No effect of thiourea on the melanophores of isolated skin strips, or on the adults ofPhoxinuscould be demonstrated.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six new species ofMicrathenaare described and figured. These are all selected from unassorted collections loaned by the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) and Oxford University Museum. The types will be deposited in the appropriate institutions.In order to further our understanding of the genus additional notes and figures on sixteen species, previously known but inadequately described, are given.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The blood picture of the echidnaTacchyglossus aculeatus, one of the two monotremes still extant, was studied on forty‐two apparently healthy and diseased specimens.In spite of the reptilian and avian attributes, the red and white cell characteristies and counts, response to infection, etc. of this prototherian correspond typically to thoso of higher mammals.Compared with Eutheria the average “normal” haemoglobin content was high (17.4 gram per cent). Nucleated red cells were only observed in marked anaemia and reticulocytes were almost never seen. The prevailing polymorph was a mature neutrophil. Eosinophils were uncommon and basophils rare and then only in disease.A varying degree of piroplasmosis was present in most of the animals examined. This did not have a definite influence on the blood picture if light or moderate. The haemoglobin content diminished considerably if the echidna was kept in captivity for more than two m

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The metabolism of some British shrews was determined and compared with that of laboratory mice. The results obtained indicated that the metabolism of the shrews was not higher than was to be expected on the basis of size alone.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper deals with those species of solifugids, not themselves occurring in Israel, which are preserved in the collections of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The difficulties of finding valid characters for the differentiation of species and genera within the Order are discussed and a new classification of the family Galeodidae is proposed based on the observed fact that the distal spinulation of the tarsi is more constant than the proximal: in pursuance of thisParagaleodesKraepelin is brought back into use. A discussion of the specific characters of the Galeodidae follows and Simla's work on the use of differentiated stridulatory setae is amplified and three types of these are recognized. Five new species of galeodids are described as well as a new genus and species of Solpugidae from Kenya. In addition new species of Rhagodidae and Daesiidae are described and new records of the occurrence of species of the families Karschiidae and Ammotrechidae are noted.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new species of the genusSubulurais described from the (?) caecum ofRhabdomys pumilio(type host) andRattus (Praomys) namaquensisat Cape Province, Union of South Africa. The species is charcterized by the presence of six lip‐lobes and by equal spicules with barbs on their posterior ends. The structure of the head in the family Subuluridae is analyzed and it is argued that lobed mouth openings have appeared, separately, four times and that the development of the lobes has been to improve the efficiency of the mouth as a gripping organ. It is suggested that, associated with the appearance of a more“ open” mouth the pharyngeal portions have been modified as triturating organs. It is pointed out that this hypothesis is opposed to the interpretation of the structure of the head, in the family Subuluridae, put forward by Chitwood and Chitwood.Subulura indicaKhera, 1956 is considered a synonym ofTarsubulura perarmata(Ratzel, 1868) andSubulura vulpisKhera 1956 a synonym ofOxynema alata(Mazhar, 1933).Subulura armataVuylsteke, 1957 is referred to the genusAllodapa.The subfamilyLeipoaneminaeChabaud, 1957 is accepted for the genusLeipoanemaJohnston and Mawson.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An account is given of the further spread ofElminius modestusalong the German coast north of the Elbe towards the Danish coast. The population at Cuxhaven has spread to the outer estuary andBalanus balanoidesis at several places in danger of extinction.Elminius modestusis now well established in several small harbours as well as on parts of the open coast between Cuxhaven and Dagbüller Hafen. The harbour populations have most probably been established by shipping but some marginal dispersion is taking place at suitable places. The species is absent north of Dagbüller Hafen: it has not yet reached Danish waters either by marginal dispersion or by a vector carrying it into any of the ports.Elminius modestushas not reached the north‐eastern German co

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Sierra Leone chimpanzee has adapted its dietary and feeding habits to the changed ecology resulting from replacement of high forest by secondary forest and from the extensive development of agriculture in the latter. Much of the animal's food is now procured, easily and in abundance, from native farms and gardens; it differs qualitatively from the traditional high forest diet. One consequence of this now, constant and abundant food supply appears to be an increased longevity. Another is the high incidence of dental mischief from the mastication of infected food material obtained from the refuse heaps around native habitations.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY