摘要:

A study has been made of the morbid anatomy and histology of aortic lesions found at post‐mortem of seventy‐one animals at the London Zoological Garden, with special reference to the relationship between these lesions and atherosclerosis in Man.In this small series the type of lesion found most commonly in the aorta resembled human atherosclerosis in many respects. Twenty‐two per cent of the animals were so affected; the incidence being higher in birds than mammals. Atherosclerotic lesions were not seen in the few reptiles examined.The literature on the comparative pathology of atherosclerosis is reviewed briefly. It would appear that degenerative arterial disease is increasing in frequency in animals but, unlike in Man, thrombotic complications are uncommon.It is thought that extension of this preliminary survey to include a larger number of animals, together with a detailed study of their age, life history and diet, would be a valuable method of advancing knowledge of the pathogenesis of atheroscle

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05839.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A list of the species represented in the collection is given. Five of them are recorded for the first time since they were originally described and additional descriptive notes, with some figures, are given. Two species are recorded with some reserve and the differences shown by the present specimens from the published descriptions are fully discussed, with figures. One species, new to science, is fully described and figured.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05840.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

New observations are recorded on the banded ant‐eater or numbat (Myrmecobius f. fasciatusWaterhouse), of south‐western Australia. It lives in shrub woodland in which the majority of trees are eucalypts (chieflyE. reduncaSchau. var.elataBenth.), the heartwood of most of which are eaten out by the termito,Coptotermes acinaciformis(Frogg.). The woodland floor is strewn with fallen hollow limbs and logs with which the animal is associated and runs to when disturbed.The past and present geographical distribution has been examined, showing a considerable shrinkage of range since European occupation. The subspeciesM. f. rufusWood Jones is recorded in Western Australia for the first time.The nominate race is diurnal and in general is solitary, and observations suggest that it holds some sort of territory. Its general daily behaviour and feeding methods are described. The food habits were determined chiefly from seat analysis. It lives largely on termites scratched from the soil, but ants make up about 15 per cent of its diet. All species of termites are eaten, roughly in proportion to their abundance and availability, but the bulk of ants eaten are the small predatory species. The numbat probably does not search for ants but these are ingested incidentally when they swarm in to prey on the exposed termites.The young, of which there are normally four, are born from summer to autumn or early winter (January to April or May) and are carried or nursed by the mother through the winter. There is evidence of a seasonal cycle of fertility in the male.Observations are also given on growth of young, voice, adult weight, parasites, possible predators, and other subjects.The reasons for the numbat's decline are discussed and some suggestions are given regarding its conservat

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Aquatic Hemiptera Heteroptera have ventrally placed anterior thoracie and abdominal spiracles, the posterior thoracic and first abdominal spiracles being situated dorsally. Internally the spiracles are joined by paired thoracic and abdominal longitudinal tracheal trunks. Gas bubbles carried on the body surface function as gas stores and physical gills. In the Naucoridae, Nepidae and Notonectidae gas store replenishment occurs posteriorly and the main inspiration air currents enter the first abdominal spiracles from under the wings (Naucoridae) or the posterior abdominal spiracles (Nepidae) or via the ventral abdominal surface (Notonectidae). Gas is expired from the anterior thoracic spiracles (Naucoridae and Notonectidae) or the posterior abdominal spiracles (Nepidae). These water bugs are predaceous amongst aquatic vegetation and obtain their main supply of oxygen by ventilation of the tracheal system, while surfacing. In contrast, the Aphelocheiridae are permanently submerged and use a plastron respiration. The Corixidae are bottom livers. The longitudinal abdominal tracheal trunks are vestigial, gaseous exchange being restricted mainly to the thoracic region. Gas is expired from the anterior and posterior thoracic spiracles on to the ventral and dorsal abdominal surfaces respectively and here gaseous, exchange take place between the air bubbles and the water. Inspiration takes place through the first abdominal spiracles. Corixids are normally negatively phototactic, but become positively phototactic when deficient in oxygen. Gas store replenishment occurs anteriorly by momentary contact with the air water interface and is associated with specialized mating habits. The large gas stores make the insect very buoyant and the specialised method of locomotion is associated with this.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development ofCordium eduleis described from the fertilization of the eggs to the completion of metamorphosis. Cleavage and gastrulation are similar to those processes in other lamellibranchs. Differentiation of the major larval organs, the velum, the larval retractor muscles and the digestive system is completed within the first four days of life. Other organs are relatively undeveloped until the veliger is twenty‐two to twenty‐five days old. Differentiation is not complete until the spat have settled for several weeks. The larval retractor muscles are paired and are attached around the mouth and to the presumptive foot region as well as to the ve

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The need for urgent measures to preserve African game for study and assessment of ecological importance is briefly discussed. The use of paralysing drugs for the capture of these animals is described. The applicability of the method for the transfer of animals threatened by poaching, farming and other agrarian activities is dicussed, together with problems associated with removed populations.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The behaviour of females at all stages of lactation on finding a strange pup in her cage is described. Pups between seven and fourteen days old are most likely to be retrieved rather than attacked, but factors dependent on the time since the female gave birth also govern her response.To separate these latter factors into those dependent on the age of the litter and those dependent on internal changes in the female, parts of the retrieving pattern were timed in mothers retrieving their own pups. Some of these animals were living with their own litters, others maintained foster litters of roughly constant age throughout lactation. It was found that the type of behaviour shown depended only on the age of the litter at the time.Although the foster litters did not grow older and therefore change in their milk requirements, foster mothers did not go on lactating longer than normal. The time they spent away from the nestlings also changed in the normal way. It was concluded from this that the foster mothers were not affected physiologically by their litters.The relevance of the concept of maternal drive in discussing these factors is considered, and it is concluded that it does not help to explain them.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pantodon buchholzi, a small west African osteoglossid, is thought to be a freshwater flying fish. Its expanded pectoral fins and its body‐form would add credence to this supposition, whilst its pectoral musculature suggests the way in which flight could be effected.Anatomical studies on the pectoral girdle and musculature show that both are remarkably developed and are probably unique amongst the teleosts. The girdle is characterized by the hypertrophy of its mesocoracoid and correlated hyperdevelopment of certain abductor and adductor muscles. Unlike the deep abductor muscles of other fishes, those ofPantodonoriginate on themesialaspect of the girdle and pass to the exterior through an enlarged coracoid foramen. The large blocks of deep abductors fill the girdle and even surround part of the pericardium. The superficial abductors are also hypertrophied and even project posteriorly away from the body‐line. The articulation of the pectoral fins is unusual since it does not allow the fins to be folded back against the body; the only fin movement possible is in the vertical plane.Apparently the pectoral musculature is highly adapted to spread and keep open the pectoral fine, at the samo time imparting a powerful dorso‐ventral motion to the fins. To this extent,Pantodonseems capable of true, flapping flight.In both its pectoral osteology and myology, and in body‐form,Pantodondiffers markedly from other flying fishes. The latter, although belonging to numerous and phyletically distinct groups, all show convergent adaptations for flight.The pectoral anatomy of the related Osteoglossidæ (Heterotis niloticusandOsteoglossum bicirrhosum) is described. That ofHeterotisdoes not differ greatly from the generalized isospondylid type, but the anatomy ofOsteoglossumis intermediate between theHeterotiscondition and that ofPantodon.Many characteristics of thePantodongirdle and myology are clearly foreshadowed inOsteoglossum.The taxonomic status ofP. buchholzihas long been uncertain, but the details of its pectoral anatomy and syncranial osteology clearly confirm its place in the Osteoglossidæ and suggest a relatively close relationship withOsteoglossumandSc

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The larger, ground‐dwelling invertebrates were collected from a heather moor in Dunbartonshire. The commoner species includedBradycellus ruficollis, Olophrum piceum, Othius angustus, O. punctulatus, Quedius boops, Aleocharina andNeobisium muscorum.After isolation in captivity they were offered various living animals and/or plants as food and records were kept, from March to August 1955, of the species and quantity eaten. The smaller staphylinids favoured the collembola but also ate some mites whilstO. punctulatusfed on the larger invertebrates.Neobisiumate the larger active collembola andBradycellusfed onCallunaand a few collembol

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY