摘要:

SUMMARYBetween September 1948 and December 1954, 2040 bats found in natural caves and disused mine tunnels in S. Devon, have been marked on the forearm withnumbered aluminium “rings”. These rings, which weigh 005 grams, are numbered consecutively and bear the identifying code initials ‘D.S.S.’ (Devon Spelaeological Society). Bats of seven species have been marked with such rings, as follows:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, Myotis nattereri, M. daubentoni, M. mystacinus, Plecotus auritus, andPipistrellus pipistrellus.The last‐named species has not yet been found in a cave.The great majority of the bats banded in Devon are of the family Rhinolo‐phidae. 1364 bats of the speciesR. ferrumequinumhave been banded, and of this number, 851 have been found again: this high order of recovery (62–3 per cent) has been maintained for several years. Many bats of this species have been recovered a number of times and one individual has been found again sixteen times since it was first banded. 597 bats of the speciesR. hipposideroshave been banded during the period under review, but for this species the recovery is rather lower (approximately 28 per cent).Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, although seen in numerous scattered haunts throughout S. Devon, is found chiefly in three main colonies, these being situated in groups of caves at Buckfastleigh and Chudleigh, and in a disused mine in the Tavy Valley. Although these colonies are many miles apart, some small interchange of population has been noted. Movements of the order of two to ten miles are common for this species, and 440 movements greater than one mile have been recorded. 143 of these movements have occurred during the months November to March (inclusive). This fact, coupled with general observations on the wakefulness and activity shown by such bats during the winter months, indicates that their hibernation is far from deep and is, at best, intermittent. Information concerning cross‐country movements longer than fifteen miles is limited, but recently one individual, by making two flights between places forty miles apart, has provided some evidence thatR. ferrumequinumranges over a greater area than had hitherto been realized. ForR. hipposideros, only thirty‐two movements longer than one mile have been recorded in Devon. The longest of these, a journey of at least fourteen miles, took place during the winter months. During the winter season,R. hipposiderosare found as solitary individuals, avoiding bodily contact, butR. ferrumequinumfrequently cluster together in large, tightly packed groups. These groupings are temporary in nature and there is no segregation of the sexes.Observations are included on general winter and summer behaviour, sex ratio, ectoparasites, and seasonal variations in weight. It has been shown forR. ferrumequinumthat at the beginning of winter, the females weigh more than the males, that both sexes reach a maximum weight early in December, and that between December and the end of April a decrease in weight occurs which is equivalent to approximately 25 to 30 per cent

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1Life tables and survival curves have been constructed from kennel records of 189 Irish wolfhounds.2The maximum recorded ages in months were males 126, females 161, and the mean ages at death of animals surviving to one year were: males 495±0–94 years and females 6–59±0–95 years.3The viability of bitches was higher at all ages than that of dogs. There was a particularly heavy mortality of dogs in the third year of life.4The influence of large size and of inbreeding depression on the longevity of the breed is di

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1Protoylossus Koehlerioccurs in the inter‐tidal region on the Beddmanach shore of Holy Island, and in St. Martin's Bay near the Hague.2The habitat and associated fauna is described.3Distinguishing characters:–colour; shape of proboscis; operculum small; overall size and proportions of the body; gonads prominent and overlapping branchial region; fourteen to forty pairs of branchial pores; radial arrangement of proboscis musculature; proboscis diverticulum simple; proboscis skeleton simple; crura embracing about three quarters of the buccal cavity, and terminating just anterior to the operculum. Collar and trunk cavities distinct, perihaemal and peripharyngeal cavities rudimentary. Oesophageal pores absent. Hepatic gut simple with expanded lumen. Lateral gonads; genital sacs simple, ducts absent. Oocytes pink, averaging 430 μ in diam

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA description is given of structures within the mouth and pharynx of the Parrot Fish,Sparisoma cretense(L.).Suggestions that the fish is able to ruminate are shown to be unsupported by the facts available.It is suggested that the fish carries on a type of filter feeding, the filter consisting of the posterior gill‐rakers of the second and third gill arches.Food particles which collect on the filter are scraped off by the anterior portion of the pharyngeal valve.Particles on the floor of the pharynx behind the last gill slit are pushed backward in a film of mucus by the posterior portion of the valve.The movements of the pharyngeal valve during feeding are in phase with the backward and forward movements of the superior pharyngeals, except when the particles being dealt with are large enough to demand some adjustment in the movements of the pharyngeal valve. The feeding mechanism can deal with any particle small enough to enter the mout

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYAt the beginning of the breeding season, the male selects a site for a nest, in a crevice between stones or rocks, and guards it against all intruders. Males can be distinguished from females by a prominent bulging forehead and by the dark colour which they assume at this season. The spawning behaviour is described. Each individual spawns several times during the season, the females producing over a thousand eggs in each spawning. The males not only guard and aerate the eggs but also keep them clean and free from fungal infection.The incubation period lasts from forty days to sixty days, depending on the temperature. The embryonic stages are described and figured. Analyses of the contents of nests, collected from the field late in the season, showed that several batches of eggs were present in each, contributed in all probability by more than one female.Hatching shows day and night periodicity. Fully developed embryos are stimulated to activity by light. Hatching follows after some delay. Mechanical shock also stimulates hatching.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1The buccal glands of lampreys develop during metamorphosis and occur in the adults of both the parasitic and non‐parasitic species.2Their form varies little in sexually mature lampreys.3In the young feeding stages of the sea‐lampreys the glands are relatively much larger and appear to be more active than in the sexually mature adults of the same species.4The secretion of the buccal glands is shown to prevent the clotting of blood even when the secretion is obtained from the glands of non‐parasitic lampreys.5The significance of this is discussed and it is suggested that the nonparasitic lampreys are neotenous forms living in a restricted environment, but which have not lost the anatomical features possessed by their parasitic rela

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00462.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1Samples ofBranchiostoma lanceolatumfrom the Kattegat, North Sea, Plymouth, Polperro, Jersey, Brittany, Naples, Messina and Faro are examined and a statistical analysis of their characteristics is made. Distinct populations in the Kattegat, the Western English Channel and the central Mediterranean region are recognized and their characters described. The lancelets from the North Sea may represent a fourth population or they may indicate the presence of a series of intermediate forms linking the lancelets of the Kattegat with those of the English Channel.2Lancelets from Naples, Plymouth and the Kattegat are compared with the West African speciesB. senegalense, B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigerienseandB. africae.3It is shown that there is greater uniformity among the populations ofB. lanceolatumthan in the West African species. The diversity of the West African forms is unexpected in view of the apparent similarity of conditions on the coast where they occur in comparison with the region occupied byB. lanceolatum.It was thought that a cline might exist in the lancelets from Rio de Oro to the Cameroons, but, when the mean values for the diagnostic characters are arranged in the geographical order in which the species occur, although trends or similarities are present in certain characters, in others no recognizable sequence exists. It appears, therefore, that factors operate along the West African coast to produce a degree of isolation of different regions sufficient to allow differentiation to take place.4The relationships between the European and the West African lancelets are discussed. It appears that the Guinea Coast lancelets,B. leonense, B. takoradii, B. nigerienseandB. africaeform a compact group, but thatB. senegalensestands somewhat apart and has affinities both with the Guinea Coast group and with the English Channel population ofB. lanceolatum.It is concluded that the East Atlantic lancelets comprise three groups distributed in accordance with the main ocean currents. The populations ofB. lanceolatumappear to owe their distribution to the North Atlantic and West Wind Drifts although the latter does not enter the Mediterranean.B. senegalense, on the other hand, occurs in the cold waters of the Canaries Current while the Guinea Coast lancelets are restricted to the warm Guinea Current.5The taxonomic rank of the East Atlantic lancelets is considered. In view of the uniformity of the samples of European lancelets it is confirmed that these should all be referred to the same species,B. lanceolatum, although it may be desirable at a later date to recognize the lancelets of the different regions as subspecies. The five lancelets from West Africa, however, have all been given specific rank, but it is probable that onlyB. senegalensewill stand as a distinct species, the Guinea Coast forms being regarded eventually as subspecies ofB. africae.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00464.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00465.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY