摘要:

Summary.Testudo loveridgii has an excessively depressed soft‐shelled carapace, and is able to inflate itself to a certain degree. It possesses a bony carapace and plastron, but they are extensively fenestrated, incomplete, and similar in essentials to the juvenile stages of other species.Marginal plates five, six, and seven spread inwards in a unique manner, entering into the composition of the plastron and separating the hyo‐and hypoplastrons from each other. Their upper portions are extraordinarily shallow.The ribs in T. loveridgii become (usually) entirely absorbed, apparently by the osteoclasts which are present beneath the periosteum. A simulacrum of the capitular portion, soft like ligament, and formed chiefly of periosteum, persists for some while.The neural arch is vestigial and sometimes completely wanting, the neural plates being applied to the depressed centra to form the roof of the neural canal. Absorption probably takes place to some extent as in the ribs, but the arch is never more than a simple extent as in the ribs, but the arch is never more than a simple layer of bone, without spinous processes.The jaws, together with their investing horny sheaths, are denticulated with remarkable regular

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1In the pharynx a new structure is situated to which the status of an organ may be given, and it has been accordingly named “the pharyngeal organ of Cacopus systoma.”2Sub‐cutaneous RS well as sub‐peritoneal fat‐bodies are normally present in this toad; while the former are developed in relation to the lymphatic septa, the latter are probably deposited in connection with the peritoneal membrane. Their function, as has been ascertained, is to assist in the general metabolism of the body during æstivation.3The stoutness of this toad is, in the first instance, due to the enormously developed viscera. This condition is improved upon by the inclusion of a part of the thigh into the contour of the trunk and by the enlarged sub‐cutaneous lymph‐sinuses.4In the skeleton the vestigial state of several of the bones of the head is remarkable. This and the consequent engystomatous mouth are, in my opinion, related in some unknown manner to the nature of the diet, which consists almost entirely of termites*, winged or wingless according to the season. Witness, in this connection, the similar effect produced by a similar diet on the Myrmecophagidæ among Mammals.5It is noteworthy that the pre‐hallux of Rana, usually regarded as a degenerate digit, has in this toad become an organ with a definite function, viz. the so‐called “inner metatarsal tubercle.”6While certain muscles, for example the sterno‐radialis and the deltoideus, show a remarkable degeneration, other muscles, for instance the muscles of the hyoid and of the floor of the mouth, exhibit an equally remarkable specialisation. The muscles examined also show important differences in their relative dimensions, origins, and insertions. Certain new muscles are present which have been already described, while three muscles are absent, viz. the cutaneus‐pectoris, omo‐hyoid, and the rectus‐femoris‐anticus. Again, certain non‐cutaneous muscles of Rana have acquired a partial connection with the skin, for example, the rectus‐internus and the portio‐abdominis. Assuming the muscular anatomy of Rana to be typical of the Anura, one may trace the differences in the musculature of this toad to two factors, viz. the fossorial habit and the nature of its food. This creature passes the greater part of its life underground, seeking water only for heeding purposes. This implies that, while the same muscles called into frequent activity in an aquatic frog may suffer by the want of regular use, other muscles of a direct utility in burrowing are likely to be improved anti exaggerated. At the same time, the curiously specialised muscles of the hyoid and of the floor ot the mouth probably indicate a more efficient method of capturing insects.7Beddard (1) mentions three characters which may be common to the Engystomatidæ: these are (1) the partially cutaneous origin of the rectus‐internus‐minor, the specialisation of the muscles of the floor of the mouth, and the division of the “outer portion of the sternohyoideus.” One may say that in these respects Cacopus systoma also agrees with the three genera described by him. Nevertheless, in the details of the second feature mentioned there is hardly any striking resemblance. I should add that the omo‐hyoid muscle is generally absent among the same family, as it has not been fou

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A microscopical examination of the teeth of Primates discloses the fact that all members of the suborder Lemuroidea possess, in a varying extent, the character of a penetration of tubes into the enamel.In the Lemurinæ this penetration is slight, but in the Indrisinæ it is very rich.The Galagos and Pottos also have a rich penetration, but in Nycticebus it is but feeble.Tarsius has an enamel richly tubular, and in its structure essentially Lemurine.A further interesting feature is that the pattern of the enamel in the Mascarene Lemurs differs from that of the Asian and African forms, and that the former has a structure identical with that found in the enamel of all Catarrhines, whilst the structure of the enamel in the Platyrrhines is identical with that found in the Asian and African Lemurs.Two primitive Lemuroid Primates, Pelycodus and Notharctus, from the Eocene show no penetration, but in the structure of their enamel resemble the Mascarene Lemurs.Hemiacodon, a Tarsioid Primate, also from the Eocene, has an enamel which is tubular, and in structure appears identical with the enamel of the recent Tarsius.The enamel pattern affords a useful test of affinity if taken in conjunction with the character of a tube‐penetration, and enables one to discriminate between Multituberculates, Marsupials, and Placent

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The Proboscidia of the Bugti beds of Baluchistan consist of form of Bunolophodon angustidens and a small Dinotherium.The Indian B. angustidens is of a small type more primitive than the French forms from Sansan, nearer to Schlesinger's form subtapiroidea than his form typica, but not identical with it. Lydekker's subspecific name var. palceindica may be retained for the present until intermediate forms are found to occur. The genus Hemimastodon is not supported by material in the collection.The Dinotherium is not found to differ from the smaller European forms nor from D. hobleyi of Africa, and it is doubtful in the present state of knowledge whether the Indian Dinotheres are separable from the European.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The tongues of the Cetacea have their glandular organs better developed, but their gustatory and mobile functions are less, than in other Mammalia.2The tongues of the Mystacoceti agree with those of the Odontoceti as follows:—1. Filiform papillæ are scanty or absent. 2. The mucosa is more or less corrugated. 3. There is no trace of foramen cecum, Iptta, frenal lamella, lateral organs, and apical gland of Nuhn.3The tongues of the Mystacoceti and Odontoceti differ in the following point

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb02164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1922

数据来源: WILEY