摘要:

From 1957 to 1959 collections of grasshoppers were made in various parts of Ghana where the vegetation shows considerable variation from the evergreen forest of the south‐west to the Sudan savanna of the north‐west and north‐east. Collections were made at intervals throughout the year in as many different localities as possible and as a result of these and earlier collections 196 species in 113 genera are now known from Ghana. Notes on the ecology and distribution of these species are given. The state of development of ovaries indicated that most breeding occurred during the wetter times of year and this was true even in the forest where conditions were always moist. Most species bred continuously in the south, but in the northern savanna with its long dry season breeding was more restricted and many species survived the dry period as immature adults. In completely undisturbed forest no grasshoppers were found, but there was a specific fauna, mostly of brachypterous species, along paths and in clearings. These were mostly Catantopinae whereas in the grasslands Acridinae and Truxalinae comprised a large part of the grasshopper fauna. Examination of the crop contents showed that all the Pyrgomorphidae and most Catantopinae were forb feeders while the Acridinae and Truxalinae mainly ate grass.SummaryFrom December 1957 to August 1959 a study was made of the Ghana grasshoppers. Brief accounts of the climate and vegetation are given, followed by notes on the distribution, seasonal occurrence and breeding of the grasshoppers. In all 128 species belonging to ninety genera were recorded.Many species continued to breed throughout the year but breeding increased during the rainy season. This appeared particularly true of the northern savanna regions, where very few were breeding in January, but it was also true in the south, including the forest. In the north many species apparently had an adult diapause over the dry season, but in the south, with no marked dry season, breeding was more continuous. A few species had only a single annual generation.A few species, mostly brachypterous, were characteristic of the forest and others of the adjacent thicket regions. These were nearly all Catantopinae. Many more species occurred in the savanna and the southern grass plains and about half of these were Acridinae or Truxalinae. Fifty‐four species were common to northern and southern grasslands; thirty‐three were confined to the north and twenty‐six to the south. Other species were widespread, but local, characteristically being found near water or in cultivated areas.The food eaten by the grasshoppers was classified as grass or forbs by examination of the crop contents. All the Pyrgomorphidae and most Catantopinae fed on forbs while most Acridinae and Truxalinae ate grass. A few Catantopinae fed indiscriminately on grass or forbs and amongst these were some of the most widespread species.There was some tendency for species to be greener during the rainy season than at other times and black specimens were often associated with burnt areas. The gregarious nymphs ofPhymateuswere black and yellow.A few records are given of parasitism by mermithids and dipterous larvae and of predation by insects, birds a

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The subdermal glands ofHippopotamus amphibiusare scattered over almost the entire skin surface, but are most frequent over the dorsal and flank skin. They are situated in the plane between the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. They are from 2–5 cm. to 0–5 cm. in diameter, lenticular in form, and usually possess two secretory ducts.Histologically, they are compound tubulo‐acinar glands. The acini are composed of varying proportions of mucous cells and granular serous cells. The tubular system of secretory cells opens into a collecting system of larger ducts, which in turn open into the main secretory duct, which spirals through the thick collagenous dermis to end at a punctum on the epidermal surface.The communications of Tomes (1850) and Crisp (1867) to the Society are quoted, and the relationship between the observable phases of secretion and the various types of secretory cell is described.SummaryThe subdermal glands ofHippopotamus amphibiusare numerous, lenticular, discrete organs. Microscopic examination shows them to be compound tubulo‐acinar glands, the secretory cells of which are of three different types, cuboidal eccrine, serous granular and mucous gland cells. The cytological characteristics of these cells suggest that they are related to the three phases of active secretion from the subdermal

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Whilst bothAsellus aquaticusandA. meridianusmay be present in freshwater localities in western Europe, similar localities in the same region may contain only one, or other, or neither of these species. Hitherto no complete explanation of this pattern of local distribution has been presented, although several suggestions have been advanced. In this paper the geographical distribution of the two species is discussed, and an explanation of the local distribution put forward. It is suggested thatA. meridianusis the older of the two species in western Europe, and thatA. aquaticusis a post‐glacial immigrant which is still spreading and replacingA. meridianu

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lepidoteuthis grimaldiJoubin 1895 is described. Details of the head which has not been described previously and further details of the mantle's internal structure are given. The species is shown to be closely allied toGrimalditeuthis bonplandi(Vérany 1837) and it is indicated that both species should be included in the family Chiroteuthidae

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Taxonomic notes are given for a number of rare or poorly known insectivores and bats from Upper Burma and the adjoining frontier regions of Tibet and Assam. Wherever possible, their taxonomic status has been evaluated and their current classification revised.SummaryTaxonomic studies are made of a number of rare or poorly known insectivores and bats from Upper Burma and the adjoining frontier regions of Tibet and Assam. These include an examination of the forms ofScaptonyx, ChimarrogaleandNectogalefrom this region: new material ofRhinolophus subbadius, Myotis montivagusandMyotis frateris recorded and discussed and a detailed study of the classification of the forms ofMyotis (Selysius)in south‐east Asia made.Rhinolophus subbadius, Coelops frithi, Myotis montivagus montivagus, Myotis frater, Pipistrellus cadornae, Scotomanes ornatus imbrensis, Murina tubinarisandMurina huttoni rubellaare recorded for the first time from the Burmese faun

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stomorhina lunatahas long been recognized as an important egg‐predator of locusts in many parts of Africa, but there has been little work on its biology or its importance in the natural control of locusts. Field work onS. lunataas an egg‐predator of the Desert Locust,Schistocerca gregariaForskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was carried out in eastern Africa.The life history, from oviposition to dispersal of the resulting adults, is described, and typical observations suggesting the importance of olfaction in the location of hosts, and in inducing oviposition, are described and discussed. The method of feeding by the larvae is such that an infested locust egg‐pod is usually wholly prevented from hatching. Quantitative data show that superpredation is rare; that the distribution of infested egg‐pods within an egg‐field is affected by the grouping of the egg‐pods; and that differences of topography, soil and vegetation usually have little effect on the degree of predation. The time at which an egg‐field is laid during the course of a locust infestation affects the degree of infestation byS. lunata.Observations onS. lunatacaged in the field showed that pollen and sugar solution are essential for the survival of adults and for the maturation of females.There is little mortality among eggs and larvae ofS. lunata, but pupae are parasited byDirhinus excavatusDalman (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and an aleocharine (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and emerging adults are preyed upon by birds to a considerable extent.The known hosts ofS. lunataare listed, the distribution of the fly is shown on a map, and data on the morphometrics of adults from various sources are given. These matters are discussed in relation to the possible means of survival of the fly in the absence of swaming locusts, and to the possible means whereby large numbers of mature females appear at the time of oviposition by locust swarms; it is suggested that migration and alternative foods may both be important.It is concluded thatS. lunatais the most important insect enemy of the Desert Locust in

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY