ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Cultures which are deep (up to 11‐0 cm.), more densely inhabited by larvae (up to 150 life per 100 grains), produce heavier weevils. The central part or the bottom half of a culture produces heavier weevils than the top part. Cultures left undisturbed produce heavier weevils than those which are disturbed earlier.2The weevils from nearly all cultures exhibit a weight‐cycle. The first ones to emerge are light; those that emerge at the time of maximum emergence are heaviest and those which emerge last are lightest. On the whole, conditions which produce heavier weevils induce a more marked weight‐cycle.3Nearly all the effects described in (1) and (2) must be ascribed to the influence of the metabolic products which accumulate to a greater extent in deep and crowded cultures. Part of the weight‐cycle, however, is due to genetic factors, so that it may be observed in very shallow cultures, A weight above the mean is correlated with a shorter developmental period and both characters are inherited.4There is no evidence that reduction of weight in overcrowded cultures or at the end of the emergence period is due to competition of larvae within the grain.5Larger grains produce heavier weevils, even though the whole of the grain is not utilized by the larva.6Deeper, more heavily infested cultures become hotter, damper and accumulate more CO2. Some evidence was obtained that accumulated CO2reduces the weight of weevils. None was found for the view that water affects weight. The physiological basis for the increase in weight in deeper, more crowded cultures is not known.7There appear to be two principal genetic weight types inCalandra granaria.When cultured in 3times1‐in. tubes, these have mean weights of 1–90 and 2–46 mg. In the small line a subsidiary type of mean weight 2–07 mg. could later be selected out. In both lines weevils whose mean weight was more than 5 per cent, below the mean of the line produced very few offspring. Selection for larger size in the large line was ineffective, partly because of differential fecundity.8There was some evidence for the occurrence of a gene producing premature death of the adult weevils in the last two inbred generations.9Weevils increase in weight by about 5 per cent, in about the first third of their lives. On the whole, lighter weevils and those with a shorter developmental period tend to put on more weight, though not enough to obscure any initial weight‐cycle.10It is suggested that population studies should pay more attention to the quality as well as to the numbers of the

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Some account is given of the general relationships of the species of acari treated of in this paper to their insect hosts. The following genera and species are recorded from insect hosts in Trinidad:‐Sennertia donaldi,sp. n.Horstiella armata,gen. et sp. n.Amansia alutacea,sp. n.Leptus gagzoiOudemans, 1910.Trichouropoda longiseta(Berlese, 1888).Urodiscella centro‐americana(Stoll, 1896).Uroplitana meliponarum,sp. n.Euzercon balzaniBerlese, 1888.Diplogynium ovatum(Berlese, 1888).Klinckowstroemiasp., sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus,gen. et sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus var. elongatusvar. nov.Coprholaspis bruneti,sp. n.Andrholaspis trinitatis,gen. et sp. n.Holostaspella polyornata,sp. n.Onchodellus antillanus,sp. n.Meliponapachys pallidus,gen. et sp. n.Eumellitiphis mellitus,gen. et sp. n.Hypoaspis favosus,sp. n.Euiphissp.?Zontia meliponensis,gen. et sp. n.Syngynaspis bruneti,sp. n.Hoplmegistus armiger(Berl. 1888).Sennertia donaldi,sp. n.Horstiella armata,gen. et sp. n.Amansia alutacea,sp. n.Leptus gagzoiOudemans, 1910.Trichouropoda longiseta(Berlese, 1888).Urodiscella centro‐americana(Stoll, 1896).Uroplitana meliponarum,sp. n.Euzercon balzaniBerlese, 1888.Diplogynium ovatum(Berlese, 1888).Klinckowstroemiasp., sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus,gen. et sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus var. elongatusvar. nov.Coprholaspis bruneti,sp. n.Andrholaspis trinitatis,gen. et sp. n.Holostaspella polyornata,sp. n.Onchodellus antillanus,sp. n.Meliponapachys pallidus,gen. et sp. n.Eumellitiphis mellitus,gen. et sp. n.Hypoaspis favosus,sp. n.Euiphissp.?Zontia meliponensis,gen. et sp. n.Syngynaspis bruneti,sp. n.Hoplmegistus armiger(Berl. 1888).Sennertia donaldi,sp. n.Horstiella armata,gen. et sp. n.Amansia alutacea,sp. n.Leptus gagzoiOudemans, 1910.Trichouropoda longiseta(Berlese, 1888).Urodiscella centro‐americana(Stoll, 1896).Uroplitana meliponarum,sp. n.Euzercon balzaniBerlese, 1888.Diplogynium ovatum(Berlese, 1888).Klinckowstroemiasp., sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus,gen. et sp. n.Neoholaspis coprophilus var. elongatusvar. nov.Coprholaspis bruneti,sp. n.Andrholaspis trinitatis,gen. et sp. n.Holostaspella polyornata,sp. n.Onchodellus antillanus,sp. n.Meliponapachys pallidus,gen. et sp. n.Eumellitiphis mellitus,gen. et sp. n.Hypoaspis favosus,sp. n.Euiphissp.?Zontia meliponensis,gen. et sp. n.Syngynaspis bruneti,sp. n.Hoplmegistus armiger(Berl. 1888).The geographical and host distribution of some of these forms are discussed. The genus Crandiella Lombardini, 1939, is shown to be a synonym of Amansia Oudemans, 1937, with the species Dermaleichus chrysomelinus Koch, 1841, as type. Some aspects of the morphology of the mites of this genus are dealt with and a key is given to the species at present known. The presence of heteromorphic and homiomorphic males is demonstrated in this family for the first time. The Uropoda centro‐americana Stoll is shown to belong to the genus Urodiscella. The genus Uroplitana Sellnick, hitherto known only from the nests of termites, is shown to have a species in bees' nests. The distribution of the species of the Diplogyniidae is discussed. The genera and synonymy of the Klinckowstroemiidae and the validity of the type genus are discussed. A short general account of the genera of Macrochelidae is given, and a tentative division of its genera. The name Neoholaspis cooremani, nom. n., is proposed for the Macrocheles sp. Cooreman, 1943. A key is given to the known species of the “tarsospinosi” group of the genus Coprhlaspis Berlese. A possible stridulating organ is described in Onchodellus antillanus, sp. n., and some similarities of this with the cymatium of ticks are pointed out. The genus Hoplomegistus Berl. 1903 is shown not to be related to the Megisthaniade as previously believed but to be a genus of the Syngynaspidae: the genus is discussed at considerable length, and the hitherto unknown male form of this family is re‐described with reference to characters important for general comparative morphological considerations and, as a result, reasons are deduced for ljelieving that the male genital aperture occurs in the primitive arachnid position on the tenth somite.All the types are in my

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.When a typical bony fish catches and swallóws its prey, not only are the jaws involved, but also all the complex structure known as “the head,” which, and gill arches, the heart and ventral aorta. When the bony fish swalows its prey, the pharyngo‐oral cavity is greatly expanded in all three dimensions: the anterior vertebrae and neurocranium are turned upwards; the shoulder girdle is turned downwards and pulled backwards; and the heart, main blood vessels and gills are drawn aside from the path of any food passing through the mouth and p

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The first recorded case of symmetrical functional supernumerary nipples in a female Chimpanzee is reported and described.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1Five nests ofHirundo r. rusticawere watched for a total of 639 hours in a prisoner‐of‐war camp in Bavaria.2A short list of calls or notes was made.3Male and female worked equally hard in building the nest except for the lining which was principally made by the female.4Incubation was by the female only. It began with the laying of the first egg.5A method of recording the average percentage of daytime incubation day by day was devised. The average daytime percentage incubation at the one nest observed at this stage was found to vary in accordance with a mathematical formula Y=a‐|‐bx|cx2|dx3where Y is the percentage of daytime incubation on any given day and x is the interval in days since the laying of the first egg. This formula was adopted as the most convenient means of describing the data observed.6Brooding of the chicks was by the female only. It lasted for six to nine days and decreased regularly from day to day.7Both sexes fed the chicks in the nest, the work being shared unequally at one nest (principally by the male) and equally at the other two nests observed at this stage.8In fine weather the feeding rate tended to increase arithmetically day by day. Bad weather exerted a limiting effect on the feeding rate.9In many details striking discrepancies were found between our records and those of other observers. The behaviour of the swallow during the nesting season appears to be widely variable. Further work, on swallows marked by means of coloured rings, would doubtless elucidate many points of unce

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The nasal organs ofSphenodonand lizards are considerably modified by the mode of life, which in turn influences the form of the nasal capsule.2The anterior chamber functions as a filter in preventing foreign bodies from entering the respiratory tract. It is well marked in terrestrial forms that are specialized for a deserticolous existence, but it is very reduced in arboreal forms.3The lateral nasal gland passes its mucoid secretion into the anterior chamber, and serves to bind to the epithelium any small particles that have been inhaled. It is well developed in deserticolous and fossorial forms, but reduced in arboreal and semi‐aquatic lizards.4The olfactory chamber is well developed in terrestrial forms, but reduced in arboreal ones. Conchal formation is dependent upon orbital expansion.5Jacobson's organ is a specialization of ground‐living lizards, and is reduced in arboreal forms. Stimulating particles are deposited by the tongue onto the choanal fold. They are carried by means of ciliary currents into, and along a continuous stream of lachrymal fluid passing to the organ. Some lizards by the development of deeply forked tongues deposit the particles directly into the organ.6The definitive nasal capsule is formed by the fusion of two distinct morphological elements. There is a medial rostral process which belongs to the cranium, and consists of the nasal septum, dorsal plate, and sphenoethmoidal commissure. The lateral capsular element, which is a true sensory capsule, is divisible into parietotectal, paranasal, paraseptal, and ectochoanal cartilages.7The rostral elements arise earlier in the embryo than do the capsular elements, and are distinguished in the adult by the relations of the profundus nerve, which lies ventral to the rostral element and dorsal to the capsular element. The line of union is taken from the points of entry and exit of this nerve, and the position of certain fenestrae.8The fenestrae are due in the first place to weak development of the dorsal plate, and secondarily follow weak capsular development. In the case of fenestrae superior it follows weak parietotectal cartilage development, while fenestrae lateralis appears where there is marked conchal formation.9The dorsal plate forms most of the roof of the capsule, and with the spheno‐ethmoidal commissure encloses the cranial olfactory foramen.10The parietotectal cartilage is related to the fenestra narina and encapsulates the anterior chamber, on which it is dependent for its form. The paranasal cartilage encapsulates the olfactory chamber and gives rise to the lamina transversalis anterior, concha, planum antorbitale, and posterior maxillary process. The ectochoanal cartilage has become secondarily associated in lizards with the functioning of Jacobson's

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The course of the external carotid artery in the Giraffe and Okapi is described. Unfortunately, the Okapi was a defective specimen.In both there is a well‐developed carotid sinus with the usual innervation from the ninth and tenth cranial nerves.In the Giraffe only the external carotid runs into therete mirabile caroticum.This has no connection with the vertebral artery, and blood can be shunted from it through the occipital artery and another vessel which is possibly homologous with the internal carotid, into the vertebral artery when the animal lowers its head. Both these short circuits arise together from the carotid sinus and presumably are controlled by reflexes from it.In the Okapi any connection between occipital and vertebral must be very small. The second connection with the carotid sinus is present, but this may not act a shunt since it was not possible to be certain that was no connections between the vertebral artery and therete mirabile.The shunt mechanism would thus appear to be an adaptation to the presence of the excessively long neck in the Giraff

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1948

数据来源: WILEY