摘要:

Few systematic field observations of the behaviour and ecology of the Chacma baboon,Papio ursinus, have been reported since Zuckerman (1932). The present study has set out to obtain reliable evidence on all aspects of the behaviour of natural‐living groups of these animals in two regions of their extensive distribution in Southern Africa—the arid thornveld of South‐west Africa and the temperate area of the Cape Peninsula. Field work was carried out in two parts: (1) regular observations of groups of baboons in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve for a period of one year; (2) intensive observation (200 hours) of a single group in the Reserve, as well as extensive surveying of groups in the mountainous regions of South‐west Africa. The present paper gives numerical data on thirty‐one groups, analysis of group constitution, day‐ranging distances and sizes of occupied areas, times of leaving and returning to sleeping‐cliffs, and other data on routine activities. Particular attention has been paid to schedules of food and the description of feeding‐techniques, and field observation has been supplemented by some simple experimental tests on the eating of scorpions and other creatures. Close range observations were made of baboons eating shell‐fish, and some evidence is presented on the acquisition of feeding habits through observational‐l

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A list of species in the collection is given. Four of these are already known from S. African coasts; two,Anchialina typica(Kröyer) andEuchaetomera typicaG. O. Sars, are new records for the region; two others,Siriella pondoensisandMysidopsis eremitaare new to science and are fully described and figured. Three rare species ofHeteromysis—H. harpax(Hilgendorf), commensal with species of hermit crabs,H. gymnuraW. M. Tattersall, captured in association with an ophiuroid andH. zeylanicafound within the central cavity of a sponge are recorded from Zanzibar, the first record of the two latter from African waters. Additional notes, with figures, are given of their morphology and ecology, the distribution of the genus discussed and a key for the identification of its species giv

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An expedition visited North Rona between 16th October and 7th November, 1960. The work done supplements that described by Boyd, Hewer&Lockie (1962).The spatial distribution of the seal colony is described in relation to the vegetation. Much of the sward previously attributed to annual puddling by seals was unoccupied. Vegetational divisions may be man‐made but maintained by seals.A census of the colony showed that by 5th November the number of moulters present on the island on any one day had passed its peak. The timing of the season is slightly different in different parts of the island. Although in the colony as a whole there was no significant difference in the number of pups born in 1959 and 1960, significant differences occurred in the two study areas, Fianuis North and Central.Three hundred and five moulters were branded and/or tagged. Recoveries to date have been obtained from Iceland, Faeroes, Norway, Scotland and Eir

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixteen species of waxbills were studied under captive conditions and their general behaviour, voice, and displays were noted. All these species had been included by Delacour (1943) in his genusEstrildaon the grounds that their morphological characters did not justify separation. The species concerned were:rubricata, rara, senegala, rufopicta, larvata, caerulescens, erythronotos, astrild, rhodopyga, troglodytes, melpoda, melanotis, temporalis, angolensis, granatina, andamandava.In this study the ethological characters concerned are described separately for each species. A comparison of these characters reveals the existence, within these species, of distinct natural groups with common behavioural characters. These groups are also found to share common morphological characters. It is considered that the difference between these groups warrants generic separation. The relationship to these groups of the other species in Delacour'sEstrildais discussed. On the basis of a combination of behavioural and morphological characters a taxonomic revision of Delacour's genusEstrildais presented.The following genera are recognised:Lagonosticta; Estrilda, includingE. caerulescensandE. melanotis; Aegintha, includingA. temporalis; Uraeginthuswith two subgeneraGranatinaandUraeginthus; Nesocharis; Amandava; andOrtygospiza.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The sexual, social, and agonistic behaviour‐patterns of the Chacma baboon,P. ursinus, were the subject of field study chiefly in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve where intensive close‐range observation of a single group was possible. The mating system in this group was one in which the male dominant in terms of such criteria as frequency of aggressiveness and of social “attractiveness” (as shown by the number of animals presenting to him, and participating in grooming with him) tended to have a brief, exclusive relationship, with the female in full ocstrus. Other males would also mate with her, on the same day as the dominant male, before the stage of exclusion was reached. Data are presented on the frequency of occurrence of components of sexual behaviour. Presenting, grooming, mounting, and mating all tend to occur most frequently in the early part of the day. Social gestures, other than presenting and mounting, include a variety of greetings behaviour‐patterns which occurred repeatedly between a tame young male baboon released near the group and the young males and females of this group.Agonistic behaviour was analysed particularly in terms of frequency and intensity of occurrence within the group. Aggressive opisodes by the dominant male occurred, on average, about once in six hours of day‐time, except on the first occasion when the tame baboon accompanied the group on the whole of its day‐range. The dominant male was then repeatedly aggressive throughout the day. A high positive correlation was found between the frequency of mating per day by the dominant male and the frequency of aggression by females against females. Analysis suggests that the peak of mating in the dominant male results in a proportional increase in tension amongst the females which is directed partly at the oestrous female, partly at other females. Aggressive episodes, sometimes very noisy and rough‐looking, never resulted in visible injury to the victim, and mostly consisted of threats without physical contact. Supposed conflict‐expressions, such as yawning, are briefly described.Further progress in such field studies may come chiefly from systematic quantification of results, obtained at close range on identifiable individuals and from experimental variations of the social situation such as the introduction of strange baboons on two occasions described in

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An account is given of the morphology systematic position and differential diagnosis of the following three new Myxosporidia from freshwater fishes:—Myxidium scardinisp. n. found in the gall bladder of the rudd,Scardinius erythrocephalus, obtained from Lake Windermere, Westmorland, England,Zschokkella cyprinisp. n. of carp,Cyprinus carpio, caught from a gravel pit near Shenley, Hertfordshire andChloromyxum pltoxini, sp. n. caught in Lake Windermer

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new subspecies of the Noctule bat,Nyctalus noctulaSchreber is described from Lebanon, differing from the typical subspecies in its decidedly darker colour.

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some aspects of the anatomy, histology and physiology of the swimbladder ofNotopterushave been studied, with special reference to its behaviour in aerial respiration.The large swimbladder with a wide pneumatic duct is reported to function as an accessory respiratory organ. Circulation of blood is modified to discharge this function. The network of blood capillaries covered by a single layer of epithelium apparently facilitates the diffusion of gases between the blood and the swimbladder.Notopterusis able to survive for long periods in foul water, if allowed to reach the surface to take in air. There is a regular exchange of gases between the cavity of the swimbladder and the exterior.The frequency and extent of aquatic and aerial respiration inNotopterusunder different conditions have been determined. They throw considerable light on the double respiratory mechanism in the fish.Under normal condition, the mean value of oxygen is 11 per cent and that of carbon dioxide 3 per cent in the “alveolar air” of the swimbladder. The result of analysis of gases from the swimbladder ofNotopterusunder adverse experimental conditions clearly establishes the remarkable capacity of the swimbladder of the fish to function as an efficient respiratory organ.The presence of a high percentage of carbon dioxide (6.5 per cent) in the swimbladder is of interest and suggests high resistance of the blood of the fish to carbon dioxide.The air‐breathing habit ofNotopterusis probably a secondary adaptation to its life in ponds and puddles under tropical condi

ISSN:0370-2774    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY