摘要:

AbstractOffspring of rat dams that consumed isocaloric liquid diets containing either 35% or 0% ethanol‐derived calories (EDC) from gestation days 6–20 were tested for play‐fighting behavior as juveniles. Offspring from a group of dams maintained on standard lab chow and water throughout gestation were also included. Animals were tested in pairs, with offspring from each of the three prenatal treatment conditions (35% EDC, 0% EDC, and lab chow) being paired with another same‐sex animal from one of these three prenatal treatment groups. Although play‐fighting in juveniles is normally sexually dimorphic, this normal pattern was absent in juveniles prenatally exposed to alcohol. Male alcohol‐exposed offspring displayed feminized behavior while female alcohol‐exposed offspring showed masculinized behavior. This reversal of the normal sexually dimorphic aspects of play suggests that some of the behavioral disturbances associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may result, in part, from an alcohol‐induced disruption of the hormonal environment in which the

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAtelencephalic microcephaly, a rare and extreme disorder, is known morphologically by only six cases. Derivatives of the telencephalon are absent or dysplastic, while more caudal structures are normal or mildly deformed. A more extensive form, aprosencephaly, involves structures of the diencephalon and may be associated with holoprosencephalic facies. Extracranial anomalies may be present in both atelencephaly and aprosencephaly. We describe the seventh and youngest specimen, a 21‐week female with atelencephaly. Maternal and gestational histories were unremarkable; the fetus was obtained by therapeutic abortion following diagnosis of a severe cranial malformation by ultrasound. A small and depressed, but intact, calvarium covered the brain. The forebrain was rounded and showed fused hemispheres, absent gyri, olfactory bulbs, and tracts. Caudal structures were mildly deformed. An oval mass of bone filled much of the middle cranial fossa. By light microscopy, several dysplastic changes were apparent in the forebrain. Ventricles were not present; small round cells resembling those of the germinal matrix were prominent in the forebrain. Pyramidal tracts were absent at all levels. The process responsible for these changes cannot be established with certainty; the changes are, however, in keeping with previous damage, such as that accepted for other encephaloclastic disorders. The insult in atelencephaly presumably occurs after closure of the rostral neuropore; earlier damage, with more widespread consequences, is possible for aprosencephaly. As with other destructive processes, etiology in atelencephaly and aprosencephaly is most likely heterogeneou

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCaffeine is a teratogen that causes limb and palate malformations in rodents. Since the ability to raise cyclic nucleotide levels is a known biological action of caffeine, cyclic AMP levels were measured in CD‐1 mouse embryonic forelimb from whole embryo culture and embryonic limb and palate cells grown in primary culture following treatment with various concentrations of caffeine (0, 1, 3, or 10 mM). In forelimb buds from whole embryo culture, a dose‐dependent response was observed. Caffeine at 1 mM concentration stimulated cyclic AMP levels to 151% of control value at 60 min. Even greater stimulation of cyclic AMP occurred at higher caffeine concentrations. A dose‐dependent response was seen in both limb and palate cell culture. In limb cell culture, all caffeine concentrations significantly stimulated cyclic AMP after 10 min compared to control. In palate cell culture, there was a twofold increase in cyclic AMP at the 1‐mM caffeine concentration. At higher caffeine concentrations, cyclic AMP was significantly increased after 60 min. In addition, stimulation of cyclic AMP in cultured limb and palate cells by isoproterenol, a beta‐adrenergic agonist, was used as a positive control. Isoproterenol stimulated a 2.5‐fold greater response in the palate cells than in the limb bud cells at isoproterenol levels of 10−5or 10−4M. The increase of cyclic AMP may be influential in the process of abnormal limb or pal

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe occurrence of polyovular follicles (PF) was examined at 10‐34 days of age in the ovaries of BALB/cCrgl female mice given five daily injections of 0.1μg diethylstilbestrol (DES), 2μg DES, 100 μg progesterone (P), 137 μg 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC), 20 μg testosterone (T), 20 μg 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (5α‐DHT), or oil vehicle alone starting on the day of birth, and of C57BL/Tw females given five neonatal injections of 1 μg DES, 20 μg 17β‐estradiol (E2), 50 μg 5α‐DHT, 50 μg 5β‐DHT, or the vehicle alone. Ovaries of 30‐day‐old C57BL mice given five daily injections of 1 μg DES starting at 3–25 days of age were also examined. PF incidence (% of PF per ovary) and PF frequency (% of mice with PF) were significantly greater in BALB/c mice receiving injections of DES, P, HPC, and T than in the controls. In DES‐treated mice at 34 days, PF incidence (2–13 oocytes/follicle) was 120–340 times higher than in the controls. BALB/c mice treated with T, P, and HPC showed PF incidence (two to four occytes/follicle) three‐ to six‐fold higher than in the controls. In 30‐day‐old C57BL mice treated with T, E2, and DES, PF incidence also increased by two‐ to 50‐fold. 5α‐DHT and 5β‐DHT failed to increase PF incidence. PF incidence was significantly increased only when neonatal DES treatment was begun on days 0 to 3, but was reduced when started at days 10–25. In DES‐treated C57BL mice aged 10–30 days, PF i

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe administration of a single dose of all‐trans retinoic acid on day 8 of gestation to pregnant mice, ICR strain, led to malformed fetuses in all of the litters. All‐trans retinoic acid (RA) was dissolved in olive oil and given in doses of 60 or 40 mg/kg of body weight. The control mice were given vehicle alone. Examination on day 18 of gestation of the fetuses exposed to 60 mg/kg showed various malformations, such as exencephaly, exophthalmus, micrognathia, agnathia, cleft palate, cleft lower lip, spina bifida, atresia ani, tail anomalies, agenesis of the kidneys, or hydronephrosis. In the fetuses exposed to 40 mg/kg, isolated cleft palate was much more common than in those exposed to 60 mg/kg. Double‐stained preparations of bone and cartilage showed cranio‐facial anomalies and axial skeletal anomalies: a‐ or hypogenesis of palatine or maxillary bones, tympanic ring, squamosal temporal bone or otic ossicles in cartilage, and fusion of basioccipital to basisphenoid and maxilla, zygomatic and mandibular bones; a‐ or hypogenesis of caudal vertebrae and supernumerary thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. These results indicate that anomalies comparable to those seen in the infants of mothers treated with isotretinoin, 13‐cis retinoic acid, during pregnancy can also be induced in mice and suggest that the site affected by RA may be neural crest cells, including those in the cephalic and caudal regions, and cells committed to somitic mesoderm in the

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered fentanyl continuously using chronically implanted osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks before breeding and during the entire period of pregnancy. Three different fentanyl dosage regimens were emplyed, i.e., 10, 100, and 500 μg/kg/day. Reproductive indices were determined and the 1,046 offspring delivered at cesarean section were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no major or minor reproductive abnormalities or teratogenic findings in any of the fentanyl‐treated groups. We conclude that fentanyl is devoid of adverse reproductive effects in this strain of rats up to dosages of 500 μg/kg/day administered by osmotic minipumps. From a methodologic point of view, osmotic minipumps facilitate study of the reproductive effects of narcotics as they allow delivery of dosages that ordinarily would not be tolerated without producing severe respiratory depre

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLY117018 (LY) has high affinity for the adult rat uterine estrogen receptor, has little uterotrophic activity, and inhibits many estradiol (E2)‐induced responses in the adult or immature uterus. In these studies, LY was injected into day 19 rat fetuses, with and without diethylstilbestrol (DES) or E2, to determine whether it could block the estrogen‐induced teratogenesis. LY at 1, 25, or 50 μg/fetus failed to decrease the 15–70% incidences of oviduct malformation and cleft phallus induced by DES (2.5 μg/fetus) or E2(50 μg/fetus). However, LY alone (1‐50 μg/fetus) was more potent than E2in eliciting these same urogenital malformations. LY also failed to compete in vitro for plasma protein‐bound3H‐E2, and therefore, like DES, is more available than E2for uptake into fetal tissues. Thus, in the fetus, unlike the adult, LY was an estrogen agonist, which indicates that the fetus has a very different sensitivity than the adult to estro

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between smoking during pregnancy and congenital malformations was studied in prospective studies of 33,434 live births in the Kaiser‐Permanente Birth Defects Study and 53,512 live births in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). In the Kaiser study, statistically significant positive associations (P<.05) were observed for ventral hernias, omphaloceles, and „other major gut abnormalities,”︁ but, for each comparison the estimates were based on one or two unexposed cases. Statistically significant negative associations were found for ventricular septal defects (odds ratio, 0.5 [95% confidnece interval, 0.2–0.96]), hydroceles (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), clubfoot (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), pigmented nevi (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), hemangiomas (0.8[0.7–0.98]) and Down syndrome (0.2[0.1–0.9]). To determine if the findings noted above were an artifact of multiple comparisons, seven of these nine malformations were analyzed by smoking status for women in the CPP. All but one of the associations were not confirmed in the CPP. Previously described associations between smoking and specific congenital malformations were also tested using data from the CPP. We conclude that smoking is unlikely to be responsible for a large increase in mal

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious publications have produced conflicting results concerning the effect and nature of uterine horn position on embryonic weight and development in the uterus bicornis. For this investigation we used 503 embryos from 41 litters of NMRI ‐ mice on gestational day 14. The relative position of each embryo was determined by measuring the distance from the center of each placenta to the cervix in relation to the total length of the uterine horn. After cessation of shrinkage due to fixation the umbilical cord and remaining membranes were removed under the dissecting microscope and the embryos were weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. Analysis of potential embryonic positions along the uterine horns indicated that 10% at the extreme ovarian and cervical ends were almost devoid of implantations. A mixed nested analysis of variance was used as the appropriate model to test a position on weight effect. Not only was a position effect found but, in contrast to other studies, it is also quantitatively represented. Embryos were lighter both at the ovarian and cervical ends, the mean weight difference being in the range of less than 10% of the average embryo weigh

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether or not in rats with experimentally induced diabetes there is an increased frequency of congenital malformations; data in the literature are not consistent on this point. Virgin CD females rats were injected with 40–50 mg/kg streptozotocin (Stz) before mating (SIBM group) or on the first day of pregnancy (SI1). Both SIBM and SI1 females were divided into two groups according to their blood glucose levels: severaly diabetic (SD,>300 mg%) and mildly diabetic (MD, 120–250 mg%). Food and water consumption by the control and MD groups were the same, but the SD females developed polyphagia, polyuria, and polydypsia, which continued to increase throughout pregnancy, as did the blood glucose levels. All the MD females mated and carried to term. In SD females both frequency of mating and fertility were only slightly lower than in the controls. All the females were killed on the 21st day of pregnancy. Pre‐ and postimplantation losses were the same for diabetic and control rats, but SIBM‐SD females ovulated less than other groups. Weights of fetuses of SD dams were lower and blood sugar levels higher than those of the other groups. The placentas of SD rats were significantly heavier and there was cystic degeneration of spongiosa. The incidence of major malformations was minimal ( ∼ 2%) in fetuses of SD females and there were none at all in controls or MD females. In conclusion, our data are in agreement with those of other investigators who have found that rats with experimentally induced diabetes have smaller fetuses and increased placental weight. But our data do not show any increase in incidences of malformations or of fetal loss, which have been reported by some groups. One basis for this disagreement might be the differences in the composition of the diets, especially in mineral salt content. We are currently investigating this po

ISSN:0040-3709    

DOI:10.1002/tera.1420340111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY