ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper raises the question of the least‐cost institutional mechanism to secure the value of certainty by reducing risk over the purchase of medical care. Two methods of reducing risk are evaluated: financing medical care with ‘complete insurance’, that is, ready access to medical care that is free at the point of purchase; and rationing by waiting time in a national health service that supplies a limited volume of medical care. The first system corresponds to the type of insurance held by most people in the United States, while the latter represents a stylized model of a national health service. The cost of over‐utilization of services by insured consumers in the U.S. is substantial ‐ larger on a per‐family basis, and far larger for the nation, than the cost of under‐utilization by those who lack insurance. The cost of rationing by waiting is estimated to be between $541 and $828 per family (in 1984 dollars). Thus, both systems involve costly mis‐allocati

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInternal rates of return were used to examine the status of pharmacist supply in the United States between the years 1987‐1991. Age‐earnings profiles were estimated for pharmacists, college graduates and high school graduates. Rates of return to pharmacists and college graduates were compared and a ratio of the pharmacist rate to the college graduate rate was computed for each year. Results suggest a shortage of pharmacists in the United States. Enrollments in pharmacy schools and adopted changes in the training of pharmacists are discussed in relation to their effects on the pharmacist labour mar

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of including indirect costs of disease (as a result of absence from work, disability and mortality) on outcomes of economic evaluations of specific health care programs is analyzed. For eight health care programs, changes in indirect costs are estimated using the friction cost method, that seeks to estimate the economic losses due to disease or the economic gains of health care programs. The impact of indirect costs on outcomes varies considerably across programs. Indirect costs tend to play an important role if health care programs produce health effects in the short run, if (short term) absence from work is affected considerably and if a significant proportion of the target population is employed at the moment they benefit from the program. The possible induction of treatment related absence from work and disability may also be relevant.

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a cost‐effectiveness analysis, the costs of 55 demented patients in day care (DC) and 45 patients on a waiting list were related to the effects on indices measuring quality of life. Based on one year's study, the costs per patient per day, was USD 55 for the DC‐group and USD 63 for the controls (p>0.05). Both groups deteriorated in the indices during the study year. The trend was that DC was both cheaper and better in the indices, and some of the underlying variables for the used indices also showed significantly better results in favour of DC. However, since the changes between the groups were not significant regarding the basic question at issue, it cannot be stated that DC is more cost‐effective than a care organisation without DC. Different interpretations of the results are pres

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1057-9230    

DOI:10.1002/hec.4730030611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY