摘要:

The ways in which digital circuit design techniques have developed over the last 25 years are described. The interaction between circuit design and devices is discussed in the light of the range of compatibility of digital circuits and the systems which became possible with semiconductors which were not so with thermionic valve circuits.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0011

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

Microwaves can now be processed by semiconductor structures, which are either a further development of the transistor for the lower microwave frequency ranges, or which use the non-linear behaviour of junction devices for mixing and parametric effects, particularly for low noise levels, or which exploit transit-time effects to create an effective negative conductancegdsuch as impatt and Gunn devices. The important role of material parameters is discussed New experimental results ongdvs. microwave voltage amplitude are presented for Gunn diodes as an illustration of the type of device characterization required.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0012

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The junction transistor made its first impact on telecommunications in transmission systems, then entirely analogue, effectively by replacing thermionic valves. later developments of that transistor have made possible systems enabling over 10 000 telephone channels to be carried on one 9.5 mm diameter coaxial tube. submarine cable systems have also benefited from the development of highly reliable wideband transistors, with a 1800-circuit single-cable system now in production for intercontinental working. recently, telecommunications satellites, owing their success electronically to several different classes of semiconductor device, have challenged repeatered cables, offering even higher capacities.Exploitation of the transistor as a logic or switching device followed the early analogue applications, with 24-channel digital transmission systems using pulse code modulation. the control of switching systems was soon demonstrated, with intensive follow-up, even though metallic contacts through which the audio signals are routed in public telephone exchanges have not yet been supplanted.Some systems under development demand special devices, e.g. solid-state sources for frequencies up to 100ghz for both guided and new free-space microwave systems. guided optical communications make desirable a long life, room-temperature-operated, high duty ratio gallium arsenide laser. integrated circuits will find a very wide range of use throughout.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0013

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The paper indicates the status of radar at the date when the transistor was being developed and shows that the early impact of this device, because of its then limited performance, was primarily in the design of sub-systems to handle the large amount of data generated from radar receivers. i n this respect the invention of the transistor is inseparable from the development of the computer.During the '60s, however, the greater spectrum, together with improved performance, of semiconductor devices allowed for their penetration into all aspects of radar including in many instances the microwave power sources, to yield high performance, portability, reliability and lower cost per function.The paper concludes with a survey of possible future links between solid state electronics and radar systems.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0014

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The shortcomings of mechanical and vacuum tube computers are pointed out. the semiconductor device has provided greatly increased intrinsic reliability but has made apparent the problem of manageability. the semiconductor approach allows the classical methods of tackling complexity by partitioning and decentralization to be followed. storage management and store searching aids can easily be realized by additional circuits.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0015

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

This paper describes some aspects of transistor circuit developments in television receivers in the UK. Improvements in transistor specifications and cost, as well as in the conceptual approach to their use in television circuits are outlined briefly. Some of the circuits of one of the first fully transistored receivers produced in this country are compared with two colour television receivers in current production.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0016

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The differences in approach between power engineering and electronic engineering are briefly outlined and the role of semiconductor devices in place of those based on the mercury-arc is discussed. Applications of the diode and thyristor to d.c. and a.c. machines are described together with the use of thyristors in high voltage d.c. power transmission. The importance of careful integration of semiconductor devices with the associated machines in any proposed scheme is emphasised.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0017

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The surgical implantation of an electronic device is shown to have been made possible by advances (1) in the understanding of the stimulation processes of nerves, (2) in the development of electrical recording of nerve and muscle activity, (3) in transistor technology, (4) in implant technology. Significant developments in these areas are identified, leading up to the history of their bringing together, during the past decade, to enable successful cardiac pacemakers (neuro-electroneural prostheses) to be produced. Recent developments in electroneural systems for visual prosthesis, a pain suppressor and an incontinence aid, and in neuroelectric devices for muscle control are described briefly.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0018

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

The influence of the transistor on digital instruments is considered first and the example of its application to digital voltmeters shows how the product became practical in the late 1950s and then went through successive improvements in performance as the devices available improved. Later developments made the instrument more automatic and improved the cost and reliability. The influence of the transistor on analogue instruments did not start till much later but eventually the transistor displaced the valve and provided a much improved performance, illustrations from oscilloscope design show the influence of tunnel diodes on trigger circuits and how the alternate series/shunt feedback configuration is used in amplifiers to give very wide bandwidths. It is generally true that the introduction of semiconductors has resulted in cheaper instruments with better performance doing more complex tasks.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0019

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET

摘要:

Quotations from textbooks in electronics are used to illustrate the impact on education of achievements in semiconductor physics. This work led to the development of transistors and integrated circuits and to the changing fortunes of the microelectronics industry. It has also been responsible for continuous modification of the subject matter of electronics courses. An attempt is made not only to review these changes but to suggest what implications this process may have for the future.

DOI:10.1049/ree.1973.0020

出版商:IERE    

年代:1973

数据来源: IET