ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the past year, the most notable developments in the field of immunizations occurred with vaccines forHaemophilus influenzaetype b. A third conjugate vaccine was licensed, and the age of immunization was first lowered from 18 to 15 months. Later in the year, two conjugate vaccines were licensed for use in infants commencing at 2 months of age. New developments in pertussis immunization include favorable results in Japan with an acellular pertussis vaccine in children over 2 years of age. New insights from further analyses of a landmark British epidemiologic study indicate that we do not know if pertussis encephalopathy exists, but if it does, then the occurrence is extremely rare. Measles also continues To be a significant problem in preschool children, resulting mainly from failure of vaccine delivery to children in inner cities. Second doses should provide good control of breakthroughs in the teenage and young-adult group.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus is rapidly becoming a major public health problem. Recent investigations have helped clarify the rate of transmission from mother to child and the factors that affect transmission. However, there is still no clear consensus as to one absolute rate, and perhaps never will be. In addition, improved methods of diagnosis will soon enable a more rapid recognition of those human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive infants who are actually infected with the virus, and infants who are antibody positive only because of transferred maternal antibody.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections continue to be a serious threat to all patients, particularly newborns, who have immature immune systems. Critically ill neonates have increased risk for nosocomial infections due to longer hospital stays, use of diagnostic and therapeutic devices, and more frequent exposure to hospital treatment staff. This paper reviews several microorganisms known to cause nosocomial infection (group B streptococci, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, human immunodeficiency viruses, and rotaviruses), as well as problems associated with early detection and important practices for achieving optimal control and prevention.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sepsis and pneumonia continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in newborn intensive care, units. This largely reflects increasing survival rates for extremely immature, low-birth-weight neonates (<1 kg). These babies manifest gross defects in cellular and humoral immunity and are extremely susceptible to infection. Because so much attention has been focused on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce the incidence of infection in these infants, I summarize the concept of the low-birth-weight infant as a compromised host and provide an update on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in these babies.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Human parvovirus B19 is the infectious agent of erythema infectiosum, a mild exanthematous illness common in children. In certain vulnerable subjects, it causes life-threatening illness including transient aplastic anemia and chronic bone marrow failure. Fatal myocarditis has also been reported, and it is known to cause intrauterine infection that can result in fetal death. This review briefly outlines the increasing range of illnesses produced by parvovirus B19 in children, neonates, and the fetus. Particular attention is paid to the risk that maternal infection with parvovirus B19 poses to the unborn child, because the quantitation of this risk has been a major recent contribution. Recent advances in our knowledge of its epidemiology, transmission, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment are presented.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, central nervous system infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. It is expected that as a result of bacterial vaccine improvements, the incidence of bacterial meningitis will decline in the near future. In the meantime, however, adjunctive therapeutic approaches, oriented to diminish brain inflammation, are proving valuable. An improved prognosis for survivors indicates a normal neurologic outcome for more than 80% of survivors. Other advances include rapid diagnostic techniques for viral and tuberculous central nervous system infections as well as short, intensive chemotherapeutic courses for the latter. Finally, imidazole antifungal agents are of potential value in pediatric infections.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The World Health Organization continues to address the high mortality rate from acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Viral and bacterial acute respiratory infections are now known to be almost equally common in those countries where studies have been undertaken. The proper identification of seriously ill infants—many of whom have acute respiratory infections—by health workers and parents is a subject of health programs worldwide. The role of respiratory infection in sudden infant death is still unclear. Infants at risk for serious acute respiratory infections are those who are malnourished, have chronic chest or heart disease, and are immune deficient. These groups would benefit most from the development of vaccines for respiratory viruses and from ribavirin therapy.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review considers the latest information concerning the etiology and treatment of impetigo, the clinical features of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, the clinical presentation and management of cervicofacial actinomycosis, and condyloma acuminata in children and adolescents. Also discussed are the presentation and diagnosis of intrauterine herpes simplex infection, the clinical course of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in children, and an unusual presentation of congenital cutaneous candidiasis.

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0951-7375    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID