摘要:

AbstractMolecular genetic study of the histo‐blood group ABO system has elucidated the allelic basis of this genetic locus. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence has identified in the coding region differences which change amino acid sequences of the glycosyltransferases coded by these genes. Effects of the differences (mutations) on the specificity and activity of the glycosyltransferases have been examine

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPlasma and therapeutic preparations of factor VIII (1 recombinant factor VIII and two monoclonally purified plasma‐derived factor VIII preparations, Kogenate, and AHF‐M and Monoclate, respectively) were centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analyzed for factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF). The residual vWF in the monoclonally purified factor VIII preparations sediments more slowly than the vWF of plasma. In the absence of added vWF, the factor VIII in all preparations sediments more slowly than plasma factor VIII. These same preparations of factor VIII added to hemophilic plasma as a source of vWF sediment differently. The addition of either recombinant factor VIII or AHF‐M results in sedimentation of the factor VIII with the plasma vFW and in a position indistinguishable from factor VIII in plasma. In contrast, when Monoclate is added to hemophilic plasma in vitro, the factor VIII sediments more slowly than the vWF of the hemophilic plasma. However, 5 min after the infusion of Monoclate into a patient with hemophilia A, the factor VIII sediments with the plasma vWF. These results indicate that the addition of recombinant factor VIII and AHF‐M results in random binding to all vWF multimers of plasma, while there is little exchange between the added factor VIII in Monoclate and the plasma vWF in vitro. In contrast, when the Monoclate is infused, there is rapid binding of factor VIII to the plasma vWF. This is presumably due to tight binding of the factor VIII to the vWF in Monoclate, whereas the factor VIII in Kogenate and AHF‐M, containing no or very low amounts of vWF, are free to bind to plasma vWF. In vivo there are other conditions, as yet uninvestigated, which allow for the binding of factor VI

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree commercially available 3rd‐generation anti‐HCV ELISAs (Abbott, Murex and Ortho) were evaluated in various serum panels: (A) blood donor samples (n = 403) with 1st‐ or 2nd‐generation anti‐HCV ELISA (various manufacturers) positive test results; (B) non‐A, non‐B hepatitis patients (n = 212); (C) multitransfused patients (n = 253); (D) serial dilutions of HCV confirmed (RIBA and PCR) positive blood donors (n = 24), and (E) first‐time blood donors (n = 1,055). All samples of panels A, B and C were tested in PCR and RIBA‐2. In panels A, B and C, 398 samples were HCV PCR positive: all were detected by Abbott and Ortho, and 397 (99.7%) by Murex. The sample missed by the Murex ELISA showed an isolated anti‐C33c reactivity in RIBA‐2. In panels A–C, 442 samples were RIBA‐2 positive and all were detected by the 3 tests. With Probit analysis on results of panel D, no significant difference in sensitivity was observed between the 3 evaluated ELISAs. Specificities of Abbott, Murex and Ortho in 1,055 blood donors were 99.7, 99.3 and 99.9%, respectively (NS, χ2). We conclude that the sensitivity and specificity of the 3 ELISAs are comparable although the C33c antigen in the Murex VK

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEight antibody‐positive individuals were detected among 12,000 blood donations during the first year of screening blood donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in Iceland. All 8 were found to have a history of intravenous drug abuse. Six of these 8 individuals had previously donated blood to 27 patients who could be traced and examined for HCV infection. The great majority (23/27, 85%) of the recipients had demonstrable HCV antibodies. Furthermore, RNA analysis with the polymerase chain reaction showed that all patients with HCV antibodies had HCV RNA in their serum and in one hemodialysis patient without HCV antibodies viral RNA could be demonstrated. Genotyping of the HCV strains showed that the genotype of the donor was also identified in all but one of the infected recipients of his/her blood or blood products. This study, therefore, substantiates high infectivity of the HCV by blood or blood factor donation and shows that viremic HCV antibody‐negative individuals ex

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA performance evaluation of a particle agglutination test (PAT), manufactured by Fujirebio Inc., Japan (Serodia‐HIV), for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti‐HIV‐1) was carried out and compared with a currently available enzyme immunoassay (EIA), manufactured by Genetic Systems Corp., USA, (HIV‐1/HIV‐2 EIA). Testing 2,878 Indian donor and patient samples, both tests showed 100% sensitivity and comparable specificity (PAT: 99.8%; EIA: 99.7% among donor samples). We conclude that PAT is a specific and sensitive test for anti‐HIV‐1; it is simple to perform and does not require sophisticated equipment. Hence it is suitable for mass screening of blood donors in a developing country like India, especially in rural areas where presently no HIV‐testing facilitie

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHIV‐infected patients exhibit defects in B cell differentiation and in the IL‐6 response of B cells, in association with autoantibody formation against T cells. These autoantibodies have been implicated as important factors in the development of immunodeficiency disease. As the restoration of defective B cell responses might prevent autoantibody formation and the resulting immunosuppression, we studied whether in vitro treatment with recombinant IL‐2 (rIL‐2), recombinant IL‐4 (rIL‐4) or recombinant IL‐6 (rIL‐6) might restore the response of B cells of HIV‐infected patients. B cells of 6 HIV‐negative hemophilia patients, 4 HIV‐positive patients at CDC stage II, III, 4 HIV‐positive patients at CDC stage IV, and 6 healthy controls were tested inStaphylococcus aureusCowan I (SAC‐I)‐stimulated B cell cultures and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)‐stimulated allogeneic B and T cell cocultures. B cell differentiation was assessed in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay and by ELISA determination of IgM, IgG and IL‐6 in culture supernatants. In vitro application of rIL‐6 resulted in suppression of both elevated unstimulated and mitogen‐stimulated B cell responses in a dose‐dependent manner which was in part due to feedback inhibition. PWM‐ and SAC‐I‐stimulated IgG and IgM responses, respectively, could be restored after addition of 10 U/ml rIL‐2 in HIV‐negative patients, but not in HIV‐positive patients. Addition of rIL‐4 to cultures resulted in suppression of both unstimulated and mitogen‐stimulated IL‐6 secretion and B cell responses. Severely depressed B cell responses in CDC IV patients were not significantly affected by cytokine application. These results indicate that defective Ig responses in HIV‐negative patients may be restored by rIL‐2 treatment whereas HIV‐induced B cell defects are not corrected by supply of T cell

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPlatelet concentrates (PC) prepared from pooled buffy coat (BC‐PC) contain a variable number of leukocytes from different donors. We questioned whether storage of BC‐PC can lead to a lymphocyte activation in the sense of a mixed lymphocyte reaction. BC‐PC were prepared from four ABO‐identical buffy coats and we undertook leukocyte analyses and measurement of different cytokines on days 1, 3 and 5 of PC storage (n = 72). Cytokine content was also determined in freshly prepared plasma (n = 48) and PC prepared by thrombapheresis (SD‐PC) (n = 12). As control, we studied lymphoproliferation of pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four individuals in 10 mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) under optimal conditions. In the BC‐PC, whole blood count and lymphocyte analysis showed a mean leukocyte contamination of 64±28 times 106per unit with a proportion of lymphocytes of 66.7±13%. In the MLC, levels of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) were increased on day 3 and 5 of storage (p<0.001). In a proportion of BC‐PC, tumor necrosis factor‐α (72.2%) and IL‐2 (43.1%) were detectable immediately after preparation, whereas IFN‐γ (4.2%), interleukin‐1β (4.2%) and interleukin‐8 (11.1%) were only found in some BC‐PC. In all cases, initial values of cytokines did not increase during storage. Cytokine measurement in FFP and SD‐PC showed similar results. The study demonstrates that cytokines are detectable in a variety of blood products immediately after preparation. Levels of cytokines did not increase in the preparations. BC‐PC can be stored for up to 5 day

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpecific serological screening tests forTrypanosoma‐cruzi‐infected donors are not yet available and thus not routinely performed in North America. With the recent increase of Latin‐American immigration to North America and Europe, there is a risk of transmission by blood products. In this study, we evaluated the possibility whether any of the serological screening tests currently recommended by the AABB could be used as a surrogate marker for this protozoarium. A group of 26,365 blood donors (male = 21,053 and female = 5,312) was analysed for the correlation ofT. cruziantibodies (TcAb) with other serological markers (HIV, HBsAg, ALT, HTLV‐I/II, HCV, Anti‐HBc, syphilis and unexpected hemoglobins other than A1, A2and F). Association could be demonstrated only between syphilis and TcAb in the female group (p = 0.005), but the low number of donors found with this association (n = 4) renders the effect of this correlation very small. A higher prevalence of TcAb was found in older age groups, with even gender distribution (p<0.05), however, donors aged more than 54 years also represent a minority of the donor pool (4.83%) and the detection of positive donors in this age group also has a minor preventive effect on transfusion‐transmitted Chagas disease. We conclude that when infected blood donors must be detected, specific serological screening for TcAb is essential and that currently no surrogate marker can be considered for detectingT. cruzi‐infected

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractO blood group results from the absence of glycosyltransferase activity, which is due most commonly to a single nucleotide deletion in the glycosyltransferase gene. A second type of O allele resulting from three nucleotide substitutions in the glycosyltransferase gene had its frequency recently determined in a Danish population. However, its frequency among different human populations is not known. The frequencies of the two types of O alleles were determined by DNA analysis of the glycosyltransferase gene of group O individuals of three racial groups (Caucasians, blacks and Amerindians). The mean frequency of carriers of the three‐base mutation group O gene among blacks and Caucasians is 4.7%; the mutation was not observed among 100 Amerindian chromosomes. The data reveal the relative frequencies of O alleles in different racial groups, and demonstrate that the origin of this variant predates racial divergence, since it is found equally among blacks and white

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 47‐year‐old native American (TOU) was admitted to hospital for hip surgery. His serum agglutinated all red blood cells (RBCs) tested except Ko and DTT‐treated RBCs and was weakly reactive with RBCs known to have a weak expression of Kell antigens, namely Kmod, McLeod, Kp(a+b‐) (KEL:3,‐4) and K:‐13 (KEL:‐13) phenotypes. RBCs from three siblings, a son and a daughter were incompatible with TOU's antibody. TOU's RBCs had the common Kell phenotype: K‐ k+ Kp(a‐b+c‐) Ku+ Js(a‐b+) Ul(a‐) K:11, ‐17 K:14,‐24 K:12,13,18,19,22,‐23 (KEL:‐1,2,‐3,4,5,‐6,7,‐10,11,12,13,14,‐17,18,19,‐21,22,‐23,‐24). Since TOU's RBCs were not agglutinated by an unidentified Kell‐related antibody (IAN), tests were performed to show that TOU and IAN were mutually compatible. IAN is a Latino female hospitalised for a hysterectomy. The TOU antigen was shown to be located on the Kell glycoprotein by a monoclonal antibody immobilisation of erythrocyte antigen (MAIEA) assay. The unique pattern of reactivity obtained with TOU and IAN antibodies using this assay indicated the TOU epitope to be in an area remote from other Kell antigens, namely K, k, Kpa, Kpb, Kpc, Ku, Jsa, Jsb, Ula, K11, K12, K13, K14, Wka, K18, K19, K22 and K24 (KEL1, KEL2, KEL3, KEL4, KEL5, KEL6, KEL7, KEL11, KEL12, KEL13, KEL14, KEL17, KEL18, KEL19, KEL21, KEL22 and KEL24) but close to the low‐incidence antigen K23 (KEL23). Investigation of antibodies to previously identified antigens on the Kell glycoprotein by MAIEA using the mouse monoclonal antibodies BRIC18, BRIC68, BRIC107 and BRIC203 has identified six patterns of reactivity and has provided evidence for

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995.tb00348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY