ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt has been shown that white cells and platelets release their granules into the plasma of salvaged blood. Whether this release is due to destruction alone or a combination of destruction and activation is not known. Lipid mediators, platelet‐activating factor and leukotriene B4, are produced by activated white cells and platelets and have effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems and the microcirculation. The aim was to determine if white cells and platelets are activated in salvaged blood by measuring the levels of these lipid mediators. Ten patients undergoing aortic surgery, where intraoperative salvage was used, were studied. Blood samples were taken from the patient's circulation and the salvaged blood before and after washing. The levels of leukotriene (LTB4) and lyso platelet‐activating factor (PAF, the stable degradation product of PAF) were measured in the samples by a radioimmunoassay and a bioassay, respectively. The levels of both these substances increased in the unwashed salvaged blood (mean patient levels: LTB427±4.3 ng/ml and L‐PAF 73±8.5 ng/ml; mean unwashed blood levels: LTB495±12.2 ng/ml and L‐PAF 172.9±26.4 ng/ml) and were reduced by washing of the collected blood (mean washed blood levels of LTB4, 23.9±4.8 ng/ml, and L‐PAF 18±5 ng/ml).The increase of the lipid mediators in the unwashed salvaged blood indicates that white cells and platelets are activated and releasing lipid mediators. Washing of the collected blood is effective in removing the

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProtein determination by the methods of Kjeldahl, Biuret, Bradford and UV absorbance at 280 nm have been studied in regard to accuracy, precision and simplicity. A reference preparation of a highly purified factor IX concentrate, Nanotiv, reconstituted to 1/5 of ordinary volume was used in the study in order to make a comparison between the different procedures. The Kjeldahl method resulted in a protein concentration of 3.7 mg/ml, whereas the Biuret, Bradford (BSA) and UV absorbance at 280 nm resulted in protein concentrations of 3.6, 2.5 and 2.8 mg/ml, respectively. The corresponding values for specific activity were 136, 140, 200 and 179 IU/mg, respectively. These results demonstrate a great variation in the response obtained by different methods for determination of total protein.

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have developed a modified solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment to inactivate viruses in human plasma using 1% w/w final concentrations of tri(n‐butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and Triton X‐100 and an incubation period of 4 h at 30°C. The procedure inactivates ≥106chimpanzee‐infectious doses (CID50) of HBV, ≥105CID50of HCV, and ≥106.2tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of HIV. After virus inactivation, eleven plasma batches were lyophilized and 12 batches were deep‐frozen until further use. The batches were characterized by extensive laboratory tests including measurement of clotting factors I–XIII, von Willebrand factor, plasminogen, inhibitors of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, and other clinically important plasma proteins. All parameters were determined before and after S/D treatment. Twelve conventional single donor plasma units served as control. There were no marked losses of activities of clotting factors, antithrombin III, protein C, plasminogen, and C1‐esterase inhibitor due to treatment. After the S/D step, the levels of these parameters were within the normal range in all batches. The same holds true for total protein, immunoglobulins, albumin, complement factors C3 and C4, haptoglobin, hemopexin, caeruloplasmin, α1‐antitrypsin, and pH. Protein S and α2‐antiplasmin activites decreased by about 50% and were frequently found to be slightly below the lower limit of the respective normal range after treatment. The interindividual variations of all proteins analysed were significantly lower than in the single donor plasma units. The S/D procedure did not lead to increases of markers indicating activation of hemostasis. We conclude that lipid‐enveloped viruses can be inactivated by the S/D procedure described in this study without critical reduction of rec

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1981 and 1990, the American Red Cross Rare Donor Registry supplied 9,872 units of red cell components with rare phenotypes to blood centers in the United States and abroad. Approximately 51% were from donors with high‐frequency antigen‐negative phenotypes and 49% were from donors with multiple antigen‐negative phenotypes. Since 1989, the disease category requiring the largest number of units has been sickle cell disease. Strategies to ensure that the Registry will have adequate resources to meet future requirements include testing selected donors for rare phenotypes and blood conservation programs, such as intraoperative salvage and the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure with recombinant erythropo

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDemographic variables, sexual risk behavior and prevalence of parenteral risk factors were studied in 305 randomly selected donors seronegative for hepatitis C virus, in 170 randomly selected donors reactive on solely enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA C‐100), in 71 consecutive donors reacting indeterminately according to the second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA II) and in 46 consecutive donors found to be positive using the RIBA II. Donors who were positive by RIBA II had significantly more often a risk factor, for example use of intravenous drugs or previous blood transfusion, than donors reacting indeterminately (34 out of 46) (73.9%) versus 14 out of 71 (19.7%, p = 0.0000). Donors reacting indeterminately by RIBA II had one of those risk factors significantly more often than seronegative donors (14 out of 71) (19.7%) versus 23 out of 280 (7.8%, p<0.005). When donors either positive or indeterminate by RIBA II were compared with donors negative for hepatitis C antibodies, the odds ratio for a possible parenteral source of infection was 7.6 (p = 0.0000). Subjects who had received a poor education (odds ratio 0.3, p<0.001) or who lived in southern Finland (odds ratio 2.3, p<0.05) were also at higher risk for being positive or indeterminate in RIBA II. First‐time donors were also prone to having antibodies according to RIBA II (odds ratio 2.2, p = 0.1), whereas sexual risk behavior, gender, age, occupational class and type of residential area were not risk factors for hepatitis C antibodies in RIBA. It is concluded, that a possible parenteral source of infection is the major risk factor for having antibodies to hepatitis C virus as tested

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a series of 385 sera obtained from volunteer blood donors positive for the first‐generation hepatitis C virus assay (Ortho), the viral genome was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 89 sera (23%). Most PCR‐positive sera were found positive with the c100‐3 neutralisation assay (Abbott) and by two second‐generation enzyme immunoassays (Abbott, Ortho). However overall specificity of these assays was rather low. By immunoblotting (Innogenetics and Chiron/Ortho) the specificity could be considerably improved and the best correlation with carrier state was obtained when analysing the results for lane‐specific reaction: all 89 viral carriers and only 9 other donors had antibodies against structural ‘core’ epitopes. From the present data we can conclude that in screening a volunteer blood donor population the confirmation of antibodies against ‘core’ epitopes by immunoblotting is strongly associated wi

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe antibody responses and the prevalence patterns of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) in a cohort of patients (n = 210) with bleeding disorders were studied using a first‐generation and a second‐generation enzyme immunoassays (EIA‐1, EIA‐2) as well as a second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA‐2). The anti‐HCV prevalence as determined by EIA‐1 and EIA‐2 was 183/210 (87.1%) and 197/210 (93.8%), respectively (p = 0.0026). None of the 17 EIA‐2(+)/EIA‐1(‐) samples was scored nonreactive by RIBA‐2. At follow‐up, samples of 123 patients were tested. Twenty‐nine out of 111 patients reactive by EIA‐1 seroreverted according to EIA‐1 while the sero‐reversion rate with EIA‐2 was 0 out of the 121 (p2.0) were observed in 94/150 (62.7%) and 45/47 (95.7%) of the anti‐HIV‐1‐positive and ‐negative patients, respectively (p = 10‐5). The decreasing anti‐HCV reactivity among anti‐HIV‐1‐positive individuals was mainly due to diminishing c33c reactivity. Seroconversion to anti‐HCV was observed in 3/7 (42.9%) cases with acute icteric non‐A, non‐B hepatitis by both EIA‐1 and EIA‐2, while the rem

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1984 and 1990, we studied 25 infants with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia caused by alloimmunization to the PIA1alloantigen. We investigated whether mothers of these infants developed elevated platelet‐associated immunoglobulin (PAIgG) in addition to anti‐PIA1. Eight of the women were found to have PAIgG which persistet at least 7–10 days postdelivery. Eluates prepared from six of the women's platelets reacted with PIA1‐positive and PIA1‐negative donor platelets, and platelets from donors with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. None of the women with elevated PAIgG had thrombocytopenia, eclampsia, or infections. Two women were found to have autereactive antibodies present in plasma.These results indicate that elevated PAIgG may be found in women immunized to the PIA1antigen. Some women may also have autoreactive antiplatelet antibodies in their plasma. These findings may lead to confusing serologic findings in evaluating the cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombo

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe describe a method for erythrocyte antigen typing on U‐bottom microtitration plates. This method permitted phenotyping of erythrocytes by an enzyme‐enhanced hemagglutination assay simultaneously with an indirect antihuman globulin assay within the same microtitration plate. A robotic sample processor identified the samples, prepared the red cell suspensions and distributed the suspension along with the diluted antisera onto the microtitration plates. The assay results were read and interpreted using a microtitration plate photometer controlled by software specially designed to interpret agglutination reactions. Sample identities and assay results were automatically connected by the computer system and transmitted to a minicomputer sys

ISSN:0042-9007    

DOI:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1992.tb05103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY