摘要:

This paper analyses the mechanisms of measured oscillations in the door velocity of a laterally impacted passenger vehicle and discusses their implications for modelling and side impact sled system design. Full-scale vehicle crash tests, barrier and vehicle load-deflection properties, and three finite element simulations are used to evaluate the relative contributions of structural stiffness, elastic recovery, and occupant and seat loading on the response of the door. Characteristic low frequency oscillations are measured in the door velocity during crash tests, but are identified as being the result of occupant and seat loading of the inner door and the resulting deformation rather than vehicle structural effects. It is concluded that the structural stiffness and elastic recovery of the vehicle structure can generate oscillations in the door velocity, but these oscillations are not independent of occupant inertia and thus should not be prescribed to a door in a computational model or component-level sled system.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0138

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The paper outlines a finite element method for modelling skull bone fractures. The paper first describes a numerical failure criterion for cranial bone. This approach is then applied to a 3D detailed finite element model of the human head. Experimental skull fracture data from the literature are then simulated. The model provides good predictions of skull stiffness and fracture force.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0139

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Described herein is a finite element model of the human head-neck complex that is used to simulate the dynamics of the head and neck subjected to low and high lateral deceleration. The model which is intended to be used as part of an entire human body model consists of a rigid skull, the bony vertebrae modelled by shell elements, intervertebral discs modelled by solid elements and the most relevant muscles and ligaments modelled by membrane and spring-damper elements. Acceleration responses of the head obtained from experimental volunteer sled tests are used to validate the model for low g-level lateral deceleration. Additionally the corresponding results of the severest cadaber sled test are compared against the predicted response of the model subjected to high g-level acceleration. It is shown that this finite element model fulfils the requirements to be part of a finite element model of the entire human body regarding caliculation time, stability and accuracy of the results.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0140

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An occupant analysis code SAFE (Safety Analysis For occupant crash Environment) is utilized to simulate and improve the crash performance of an energy absorbing steering system. The safety standard FMVSS 203 is adapted in the simulation and used in design evaluations. Segments and contact ellipsoids are employed in modelling the body blocks and the components of the steering system with SAFE. Spring-damper elements and force-deflection characteristics are utilized to model the energy absorbing components such as the plate and the polyacetal molding. The plate absorbs the impact energy through tensile deformation. Whereas, the polyacetal molding absorbs the impact energy through compression. The body block test is carried out to validate the simulation model, and real component tests are performed to extract the force-deflection curves. After the model is validated, the parameter study is carried out to evaluate the crash performance of the energy absorbing components. A performance measure is defined for the parameter study. Using the results of the parameter study and managing the orthogonal arrays, optimum design values of energy absorbing components are determined to minimize the occupant injury.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0141

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effects of various schemes of end constraints, heat-treatment, filler density and impact velocity on the behaviour of axially crushed tubes of different L/D and D/t ratios are investigated. It is evident that these factors, individually or collectively, influence the collapse mechanism and hence determine the collapse mode. It follows that the total energy absorption capacity. The concertina mode represents the low energy mode whereas the multi-lobe mode represents the high-Icnergy mode. The former is attributed to instability and/or geometric and loading imperfections. The latter mode, however, occurs as a result of stiffness enhancement.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0142

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper deals with the two-dimensional Collisions of vehicles. The authors have already analysed the vehicle collisions in consideration of vehicle movements during impact. In those studies tire forces acting in the duration of impact were not considered. However, it does not seem that they can be ignored under any impact condition. In the present paper, therefore, the authors introduce the impact forces acting between two vehicle bodies and tire forces acting from the road into the equations of motion of four-wheel vehicles and analyse the vehicle motion throughout the vehicle collisions (pre-impact. impact and post-impact vehicle motion). Finally, they compared the results obtained from the present method with those obtained from the method ignoring tire forces acting in the duration of impact. It is shown from the comparisons that tire forces acting in the duration of impact affect the vehicle velocities after impact and the vehicle trajectories are not predicted correctly if they are neglected.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0143

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Experimental results pertaining to the static axial loading of hybrid square rail vehicle tubular components, made of foam-cored composite sandwich panels with integral energy absorbing inserts, are reported. The structural configuration tested is the “corrugated” core system. Failure modes at macro- and microscale and the energy absorbing of the collapsed structural components are presented. The crashworthy behaviour of these small-scale body shells seems to be greatly affected by the structural design and the material properties of the composite sandwich components. The effect of diverse triggering conditions (“chamfer” and “tulip” triggering structures) at one end of the specimens tested is investigated and analyzed and distinctions arising between trigger types are also highlighted where appropriated.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0144

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Round cylindrical and conical shells made of short randomly oriented glass fibre mats with polyester resin and tubes made of 0190 continuous glass fiber mats with epoxy resin were subjected to axial compression in an Instron machine. The different failure modes of these shells and their energy absorbing characteristics were studied.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0145

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.2000.0345

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor