摘要:

An in-depth study of real accidents involving motorcycles wearing back protectors is described herein. A total of 446 injured motorcyclists and 259 other motorised two-wheelers were chosen randomly and assessed. The effectiveness of these back protectors were qualified by employing the degree of injury sustained by the motorcyclists. Furthermore, the analysed real data were also compared to those currently documented in open literature. Overall, the study and assessment show that there is no high risk for fracture of the spine, and probably exists only a 0.8% injury. It was also deduced that 13.4% of motorcyclists suffered soft tissue injuries to the back. Based on the assessment carried out under this research work, a call for motorcyclists to wear back protectors is being made.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0081

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper presents results from real life collisions, collected in a unique data collection system, where the crash pulse has been recorded in the impact phase. Since 1992, approximately 100,000 crash recorders have been installed in vehicles, and about 300 crash pulses have been recorded. A crash test is also presented involving two vehicles of different design and performance in narrow offset impacts. Narrow offset impacts or impacts with small overlap, are here defined as impacts with an overlap of less than 30%, which often result in glance-off. Severe narrow offset collisions are characterised by high closing velocity, a fairly low change of velocity, but major intrusion and high intrusion velocity. For most car models the main part of the energy absorbing frontal structure is not engaged in narrow offset impacts. Narrow offset impacts account for a large part of fatalities and severe injuries and has to be addressed to a higher extent. Existing standard crash tests do not address the performance of the vehicle construction in this type of impact. Results show that the percentage of moderately and severely injured drivers was higher in impacts with an overlap below 30% than in impacts with an overlap of more than 30%. It is also shown that the frontal structure is important for the performance in narrow offset impacts. The reconstructions of these collisions are discussed.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0082

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Computer models of pedestrian humanoids and detailed vehicle models have been developed to simulate real world pedestrian accidents. The purpose of this modelling is to enable the Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen (FFA) to design, develop and evaluate pedestrian safety technologies under more realistic conditions than the proposed European legislation in order to improve pedestrian safety. LS-DYNA3D has been used to provide an extensive range of modelling possibilities. This paper introduces the humanoid modelling concept created by the FFA, developed by Cranfield Impact Centre (CIC) and being used by the FFA to simulate real world pedestrian accidents. During the initial programme stages the available literature has been used to define the joint, limb and the material characteristics of these models. Whole humanoid verification and validation will be an integral part of the development process.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0083

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Tests are reported on two thickness of square hollow cross-section mild steel tubes under lateral quasi-static and dynamic loading at two spans and under fully-clamped and simply-supported end conditions. The overall purpose was to understand the collapse mechanism and the relationship between energy absorption and tube deflection. The dynamic tests were carried out at impact velocities upto 6 m/s using a cylindrical steel indentor. The finite element code DYNA3D was used to conduct numerical simulations based on the experiment setup. Overall, the numerical simulations predicted the deformed shape of the tube well and gave accurate estimates of the force and velocity time histories of the simply supported tubes. The difference in both the mode of deformation and the energy absorption rate between the quasi-static and these relatively low velocity dynamic tests was quite small and the quasi-static results could therefore be used with some confidence to approximate the dynamic response.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0084

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this paper a transient dynamic finite element analysis is presented to study the response of centrally impacted laminated composite pretwisted rotating plates. A nine noded three-dimensional degenerated composite shell element is developed and used for the present analysis. Effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are included. The finite element model is based on Lagrange's equation of motion and the investigation is carried out for moderate rotational speeds for which the Coriolis effect is negligible. The modified Hertzian contact law is utilized to compute the contact force between the impactor and the laminated plate. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effects of angle of twist, rotational speed, laminate configuration and precone angle on the impact response of pretwisted rotating plate.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0085

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A study is made on the kinematics of an occupant in a side-facing aircraft seat. Certification of side-facing seat is made mandatory requiring equivalent level of safety compared to the conventional forward-or aft-seats. A number of side-facing seat impact sled tests were conducted using SID on a rigid divan type couch facing a rigid bulkhead to maximize the potential for injuries. Appropriate injury criteria were identified and recorded in the tests. Studies were conducted for single and multiple occupants' seats with Hybrid II as second occupant. Analytical models were developed supporting for the sled test results and a set of parametric studies were conducted using the developed analytical models. Through the conclusion, the related injury and pass/fail criteria and the most appropriate testing procedures for certification of these seats along with some simple guidelines to meet this certification were outlined.

ISSN:1358-8265    

DOI:10.1533/cras.1998.0086

出版商:Woodhead Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: Taylor