摘要:

The progress in science made by Henle depended on the improvements in light microscopy achieved in the 19th century. The advent of achromatic lenses in particular made it possible for Henle and his contemporary and friend Schwann to uncover the typical structures of cells, thus bringing order at the microscopic level to the world of living tissues. Henle’s ‘comprehensive’ approach – 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous, contrasted with the accepted doctrine of Bichat of 21 different types of tissues that enter into different combinations in forming the organs of the body – together with rapid progress in chemistry and physics permitted the subsequent intimate probing of cellular physiology. Henle’s work was not confined to the description of anatomic structures. After he had observed microorganisms in the excretions of diseased animals, he embraced the unpopular theory of ‘contagion’ as the source of infection, though he himself was not able to prove that microorganisms were the direct cause of diseases. His discovery of the renal tubule that now bears his name came comparatively late in his career, and although he described its structure in detail he offered no suggestions as to its function.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168747

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The University of Bologna began teaching in 1088, and the Faculty of Medicine was granted the same rights as lawyers in 1288, largely due to the reputation and teaching skills of Taddeo Alderotti. Among the other famous names associated through the ages with the Bologna School of Medicine are Malpighi, Valsalva and Murri. From the earliest times in Bologna, nephrologists attempted to show an interaction of the kidney with the outer environment (astronomy and astrology) and with other organs (anatomy) and an integration of the sophisticated structures within the kidney itself (microscopy). At the turn of the 19th century, the biochemical frontier was reached, and a new teaching methodology emphasizing careful consideration of all possible differential diagnoses was developed.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168748

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

John Bostock has a reasonable claim to being one of the first chemical pathologists. Most of his work was done before that of William Prout, with whom both he and Bright were in contact. Bostock’s work was done about the same time as that of his friends and colleagues Marcet and Wollaston. Although others, notably Cruickshank, Wells and Blackall had previously studied the chemistry of normal and pathological urine, the breadth and detail of Bostock’s observations were unprecedented, and he and Wells were the first to relate findings in the urine in disease to findings in the serum. Bostock, however, was the first to realize the relationship between the diminution of urea in urine as it rose (or in his terms, appeared) in the blood, while the albumin in the blood fell as that in the urine increa

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168749

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Despite his success in publishing a book which was widely read and which drew attention to the fact that some cases of dropsy are associated with coagulable urine, John Blackall failed to make the link between this phenomenon and disease of the kidneys. Thus, to Richard Bright must go the credit for providing the critical understanding of the phenomenon. The single most probable reason for Bright’s success and Blackall’s failure was that Bright carried out post mortem examinations of almost all of his patients. In addition, Bright was ruthlessly systematic in documenting his autopsy findings, and not least was the fact that he possessed the rare talent of being objective in looking at his data, without being influenced by the preconceptions of the ti

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168750

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Joseph Jacob Plenck (1735-1807) is considered to be the forerunner of modern European dermatology, who also compiled a list of about 800 plants with medicinal uses. Of these about 115 have diuretic properties and are currently included in various pharmacopeias. They were traditionally used to cure ascites of various causes, in urolithiasis, nephritis, cystitis, bladder ulcers, strangury, urinary retention and incontinence. Few of these plants have been fully investigated by modern medicinal chemists, and many are worthy of further study.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168751

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168752

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

During the Dark ages, Greco-Roman science survived in the eastern Roman Empire and the most important advances in pharmacology and pharmacy were made in Byzantium. As the Arab empires spread in the 7th and 8th centuries, they incorporated earlier learning, and the most important contribution of Arabic medical writers was probably the introduction of formularies to aid in the preparation of medicines. In turn, the later spread of Arabic knowledge to the West introduced little-known plants and fostered an interest in collecting and cultivating them, and also introduced the palatable dose forms preferred by the Arabic doctors. In the West, however, the Christian Church taught a doctrine of unquestioning faith, and despite the centers of learning, e.g. at Salerno, most ordinary people depended on the healing power of faith, religious relics and traditional folk medicine. Hydrology was also well developed in the Middle Ages. The formularia that survive describe many indigenous plants, but with few illustrations. Their gathering and preparation is generally guided by magic ceremonies and ritual, and plants often took their properties from their habitat, e.g. the wayside plantain was thought good for tired or wounded feet. Concepts of therapeutic plants were also influenced by alchemy and were linked to related metals and planets.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168753

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The status of women in the Middle Ages was ambiguous, because although they had great responsibility and expertise in practical affairs they were viewed as chattel and inferior to men. They were skilled in cookery, often of highly spiced dishes using a variety of ingredients and flavorings, and they were taught the use of medicinal herbs. They were often skilled in simple first aid, though they were not allowed to practise outside the home. An important exception to this was Hildegarde von Bingen, whose Physica brought her great renown. In it she became the first woman to discuss plants in relation to their medicinal properties. For most people in the Middle Ages, treatment revolved around herbs and diet, together with faith and holy relics and the use of (forbidden) pagan incantation and ritual. Astrology was often a necessary adjunct to treatment. In Salerno, however, medicine had been practised from classical times, and medical training could last for 7 years or more. One of the greatest medieval medical texts is the Tacuinum Sanitatis, which describes in detail the 6 essentials for the preservation of man’s health. Several vegetables and herbs are mentioned in connection with the kidneys, the picking and preparation of which are imbued with magi

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168754

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder consists of 37 books, of which 16 are devoted to botany. About 900 plants are named, but many names are synonyms and identification is often impossible. Where identification is possible it is achieved by comparison of the actual names with the vernacular names in related languages or by indirect evidence from their medical use. In this way 130 plants used in renal therapy during Roman times can be identified. Many were eaten as part of the diet, and the distinction between medicinal and edible plants was not clearcut. Pliny was also the first author to comment that wild species are more active than cultivated ones. Most of the plants reported by Pliny are also mentioned by Dioscorides, and more than 30 of them were also listed by Plenck. Several are still quoted in modern pharmacopeias.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168755

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Pliny the Elder described medicinal plants in books XX-XXVII of Naturalis Historia, reporting the therapeutic properties and preparations of the plants for use in different parts of the body. An exhibition of 20 plants chosen from those indicated for renal diseases is described.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168756

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger