摘要:

The original De Materia Medica of Dioscorides has been lost, but several copies remain. Unlike the original, these contain an alphabetical listing of plants and color plates. The source for the plants described in this paper is a 16th century translation into vernacular Italian and the Codex Neapolitanus. In all, 12 plants listed by Dioscorides for treatment of renal diseases can be positively identified.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168757

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The plants that appear in the paintings and mosaics of Pompeii are chiefly edible and medicinal, though flowers with purely esthetic appeal are also shown. An important example is one of the floor mosaics from the House of the Faun, in which it is possible to identify lemon, cherry, strawberry, pomegranate, grape and olive, leaves of grape, fig, apple and olive, and flowers of corn cockle. The diuretic properties of some of these plants are mentioned in the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder. A silver cup from the House of Menandro, one of the most refined examples of plant decoration in antiquity, shows olive branches and fruits. The presence of plants in such artefacts confirms that people of classical times were conscious that plants were important producers of food, oils, fibers, woods and medicines.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168758

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The medical history of salt begins in ancient times and is closely related to different aspects of human history. Salt may be extracted from sea water, mineral deposits, surface encrustations, saline lakes and brine springs. In many inland areas, wood was used as a fuel source for evaporation of brine and this practice led to major deafforestation in central Europe. Salt played a central role in the economies of many regions, and is often reflected in place names. Salt was also used as a basis for population censuses and taxation, and salt monopolies were practised in many states. Salt was sometimes implicated in the outbreak of conflict, e.g. the French Revolution and the Indian War of Independence. Salt has also been invested with many cultural and religious meanings, from the ancient Egyptians to the Middle Ages. Man’s innate appetite for salt may be related to his evolution from predominantly vegetarian anthropoids, and it is noteworthy that those people who live mainly on protein and milk or who drink salty water do not generally salt their food, whereas those who live mainly on vegetables, rice and cereals use much more salt. Medicinal use tended to emphasize the positive aspects of salt, e.g. prevention of putrefaction, reduction of tissue swelling, treatment of diarrhea. Evidence was also available to ancient peoples of its relationship to fertility, particularly in domestic animals. The history of salt thus represents a unique example for studying the impact of a widely used dietary substance on different important aspects of man’s life, including medical philoso

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168759

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Morgagni was a contemporary of Malpighi, but unlike the latter he concentrated on macroscopic clinical and anatomic observations. His De Sedibus et Cαusis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis consists of 5 books, written as letters to other scientists and members of foreign academies. He dealt with diseases of the head, the chest and the abdomen and with surgically treatable diseases. The final book contains corrections to the previous 4 in the light of new studies and extended clinical experience. One case history presented, of a patient of Valsalva’s who died with edema and a bladder stone, can probably be considered as the first description of familial hypertension. From his clinical and autopsy investigations, Morgagni concluded that the patient died of hereditary bladder stone disease and apoplexy.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168760

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The pioneering work of Richard Bright, who introduced the concept of the renal origin of cardiovascular disease, initiated the continuous unfolding of knowledge on renal disease and its close interrelationship with arterial hypertension in the 19th century. Hypertension as a clinically and pathologically defined entity, however, was not established. The partial elucidation of the problem that the diseased kidney was sometimes the cause and sometimes the consequence of elevated blood pressure is not only fascinating but also remarkable, given the crude techniques available to physicians at that time. Subsequent workers came to regard ‘Bright’s disease’ as consisting of several conditions differing in clinical manifestation and pathology. In particular, Johnson and Gull and Sutton drew attention to the small blood vessels in renal disease. Only the invention of a clinically applicable method of measuring blood pressure indirectly allowed Mahomed and Allbutt to show that hypertension may occur in the absence of renal disease. They paved the way for a clear separation of hypertensive renal disease from other forms of ‘Bright’s disease’, culminating in the classification introduced by Fahr

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168761

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Bright’s work led to the recognition that coagulable protein in the urine indicated macroscopic kidney disease. After light microscopy was introduced, Simon, Nasse, Henle and Frerichs identified the major constituents of urinary sediment. By 1896, Senator had deduced that hyalin cylinders arise in the kidney tubules, and only the discovery of the Tamm-Horsfall protein in the next century separated him from the modern concept. Chemical analysis of urine also advanced greatly. Recognition of the pressure-volume relationship by Traube was probably the most brilliant achievement related to renal disease, and became the basis of the later pressure-natriuresis relationship. Traube also linked left ventricular hypertrophy with renal disease, recognizing that it maintained circulatory homeostasis at a higher level of pressure. The concept of nephritis changed considerably with technical progress, and Gluge was the first to see inflamed Malpighian bodies or glomeruli. The primary site of damage was disputed by many, including Henle, Pfeufer, Virchow, Reinhardt and Frerichs, but all these workers had to reconstruct the sequence of events leading to the autopsy findings. The term glomerulonephritis was first coined by Klebs, and the classification of nephritis adopted by Senator in 1896 led directly to the classic monograph of Volhard and Fahr (1914) on Bright’s dise

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168762

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Luciano Armanni (1839-1903) worked as an assistant to Schrön in Naples after graduating in medicine. He was later appointed as Professor of Histopathology, and in 1887 became a full professor. During his life he was Dissector of the Anatomic Institute of the Ospedale degli Incurabili and later director of this hospital. He founded many institutions, including the Cotugno Hospital, but died poor and suffering from diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, contracted during a post-mortem examination. Armanni is given credit for discovering the contagious nature and specificity of the lesions due to caseous material in tuberculosis, and also the renal lesion in diabetes mellitus that now bears his name (Armanni-Ebstein lesion)

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168763

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the 17th and 18th centuries, several authors performed urinary microscopy occasionally and were often unable to give their observations a practical diagnostic application. Such men included De Peiresc, Boerhaave, Ledermüller and Galeazzi. In the 1st half of the 19th century, however, urinary microscopy began to be used systematically. Rayer and Vigla identified for the first time elements other than crystals in urine and contributed to the methodology of handling samples for microscopy. Becquerel described dysmorphic erythrocytes, and Simon and Henle observed casts in urine and in histological preparations. In contrast, Bird mentioned casts only in passing, though he described many other elements and published the first complete book on urinary microscopy. The 2nd half of the 19th century was characterized by further advances, and in the book of Beale tubular cells were distinguished from other epithelial cells. Different types of casts were also linked with different renal diseases. By 1875 the classification of casts was complete. The work of the 19th century microscopists culminated in Rieder’s book on clinical microscopy, which described each element of urinary sediment through 36 beautiful chromolithographic plat

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168764

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The Zoological Station of Naples was founded in 1872 by Anton Dohrn as a research institute for zoology and comparative anatomy. Although the original fields of interest were the morphology of vertebrates and comparative embryology, a department of physiology was added to the station in 1888. Osmoregulation in marine organisms has been extensively studied, notably by Bottazzi, who investigated chemical composition, electrical conductivity, surface tension, osmotic pressure and extracellular viscosity in circulating fluids in man and lower animals. Bottazzi classified aquatic animals into 2 groups, a distinction that is accepted today. More recent workers at the station include Bern, who made important contributions to the study of the essential role played by prolactin in regulation of hydromineral metabolism in euryhaline teleost fish in a freshwater environment.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168765

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The Enlightenment, a unique period in the history of Europe, was founded in the scientific and intellectual revolution of the 17th century. Renal anatomy and physiology advanced through the work of men like Eustachio, Malpighi, von Rosenstein and Cotugno, who described both normal and pathologic structures. Despite the earlier discovery of renal tubules and glomeruli, their anatomic and physiologic relationship remained unclear during the 18th century. The definitive explanation would not come until the work of Bowman and Bright in the 19th century. Similarly, the role of renal nerves would not emerge until the 19th century, when Claude Bernard elucidated their role in controlling urine flow in the dog. A key figure was Morgagni (1682-1771), who provided highly precise descriptions of a number of urinary tract anomalies and forms of obstructive nephropathy and developed many insights into renal pathophysiology by pure deductive reasoning. He gave a remarkably accurate description of the basis of reflux nephropathy and recognized that urinary calculi could have many etiologies. Lithotomy was performed as a last resort, and Cheselden reduced the mortality to 17% with a perineal approach; Baseilhac designed a new instrument to facilitate the suprapubic approach. Despite the high quality of men such as Morgagni, physicians had a reputation for quackery and rapacity, and most of their efforts met with little success.

ISSN:0250-8095    

DOI:10.1159/000168766

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1994

数据来源: Karger