摘要:

AbstractPresence of ice within cells usually is assumed to assure death, while larger ice formations are assumed to induce greater injury. Evidence is presented which questions these assumptions.MCSA and no. 440 parakeet tumors and C3H mouse skin were studied. Cell structure before freezing (control), while frozen, and after rewarming was correlated with survival on transplantation. Control and rewarmed tissue was fixed in Bouin's fluid and processed routinely. Microscopic sites and appearance of ice artifacts relative to frozen cells were preserved by the author's modified freeze‐drying technique. Tissues were cooled to −75°C and −150°C at rates of from 1°C/min to 40°C/sec and rewarmed at 180°C/min. Tumor transplants were inoculated in and around the pectoralis major muscle of parakeets and followed as to appearance, size and microscopic structure. Using hair color as a marker, ventral to dorsal autografts of 8 mm full thickness circles of skin were made in 4–5 week old female mice.Data showed that (1) nucleus and cytoplasm were sites of ice formation in cooled cells, (2) little or no structural damage occurred in frozen‐thawed tumors while skin often was altered noticeably, (3) % survival of tumors frozen slowly (1°C/min) was equal to that of controls, (4) 17% of frozen‐thawed skin grafts survived, (5) freezethaw survival was greatest following the formation of the largest ice artifacts which were induced during slow freezing, (6) intracellular ice and structural alteration, therefore, need not be incompati

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe nipple is covered by an epidermis with a characteristically intricate understructure of ridges. There are numerous, large sebaceous glands in the nipple, some opening inside the milk ducts. The terminal segments of the milk ducts are surrounded by bundles of smooth muscle arranged in sphincter‐like patterns. There are relatively few nerve endings in the epidermis of the nipple and areola; these are Krause‐like endings, and a number of non‐descript nerve endings are found around the epidermal ridges. All of these nerves, and those around the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands in the areola, contain acetylcholinesterase. The tubercles of Montgomery are accessory mammary glands. Though mammary glands are said to be modified apocrine sweat glands, the two have neither gross, nor histological and histochemical resembl

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is based on a study of bones from fifty‐five (55) knee joints, ages ranging from newborn to ninety (90) years. Full details of techniques of specimen injection and preparation are given.The gross arterial and venous patterns in adult bones are identical with the patterns present within these structures which are largely cartilaginous at birth.The lower end of the femur is penetrated by radiate epiphyseal arteries around its circumference. These terminate in sinusoidal capillaries within the cartilage, the corresponding veins leaving along the lines of entry of the radiate arteries. No anastomoses exist between adjacent intracartilaginous vessels, their distribution in the epiphysis being segmental. The lateral superior genicular radiate epiphyseal arteries, for example, supply a relatively fixed segment of the lateral femoral condyle. This arrangement no longer exists when the ossific center extends to involve the sinusoidal tips of more and more vessels, effective anastomoses eventually developing between all vessels supplying the lower end of the femur.Analagous findings are reported in the tibia.The patella is penetrated at its center and lower pole by nutrient arteries.In adult bones a subarticular collecting vein system is orientated parallel to articular surfaces. Short venous stems of subchondral capillary loops drain into these subarticular collecting veins which then drain off at articular margins into tributaries of the main veins. These are original finding

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe studies were designed to determine whether thyroid hormone traverses the placenta of the rat.1. Pregnant rats were hypophysectomized on the twelfth day of the gestation period. The histological appearance and wet weights of the fetal thyroids at term were determined and found to be the same as that of fetuses of intact mothers. These results indicate that maternal TSH is not required for maturation of the fetal thyroid.2. Intact and hypophysectomized pregnant rats were provided with a diet supplemented with 0.2% propylthiouracil (PTU) added in powdered form starting on the fifteenth day of gestation until term. This treatment led to enlargement of thyroids of fetuses of intact and hypophysectomized mothers.3. Groups of intact and hypophysectomized pregnant rats given the same goitrogenic treatment as group 2 were injected daily with 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 μg of 1‐thyroxin in suspension. Twenty‐five μg of thyroxin were sufficient to inhibit goiter development in fetuses of hypophysectomized rats, while 50 μg was required to prevent the goiter formation in fetuses obtained from intact non‐hypophysectomized pregnant rats.These results suggest that maternal thyroid hormone passes the placenta from mother to fetus. The effectiveness with which thyroid hormone passes from the mother to the fetal circulation is probably influenced in some way by the maternal p

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHistochemical changes in hamster epididymides and seminal vesicles were studied in non‐treated controls; non‐treated castrates allowed to live for 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after gonadectomy; castrates injected daily with graded doses of testosterone propionate for 20 days (0, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 400 μg); and castrates receiving 150 μg testosterone propionate for 2, 5, 10 and 20 days. Histochemical procedures included the periodic acid‐Schiff method, toluidine blue, Sudan black B and oil red O techniques and a phospholipid procedure. In addition, statistical methods were used to evaluate seminal vesicle response.The histochemistry of the hamster epididymis and seminal vesicle is similar to that described for the rat, mouse and rabbit. The rapid regression of the epididymal epithelium is also comparable to that reported in the rat. In contrast, the major alteration in the seminal vesicle following castration is associated with loss of secretion and not epithelial involution. Increased cellular pigmentation in the gonadectomized hamster seminal vesicle rather than cellular atrophy may be a more accurate index of the level of circulating a

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA histochemical study of the variations in oxidative enzymes, protein‐bound amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane, cysteine and cystine), ribonucleo‐protein and hemoglobin was made on the erythrocytic cells during the process of erythropoiesis in the embryonic liver of the rabbit.Increases in the cytoplasmic content of protein‐bound sulfhydryls and histidine were noted prior to the appearance of histochemically detectable hemoglobin and were nearly inversely related to the staining reaction for ribonucleoprotein. Changes in the oxidative enzyme activity of the developing erythrocytic elements appeared to reflect changes in the number of mitochondria present within these cells at various stages in the process of maturation. No visible changes were observed in the intensity or localization of the histochemical reactions for oxidative enzymes in the mitochondria of the erythrocytic elements except for an apparent slight increase in activity during mitosis. Two forms of hemoglobin were identified, one acid‐soluble localized to the orthochromatic normoblasts and erythrocytes of the primary erythrocytic linage and the other acid‐resistant present in the erythrocytes and late stages of the developing erythrocytic cells of the secondary erythroid series. Histochemical variations occurring during erythpoiesis were discussed in relation to biochemical data concerning hemoglobin

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDissection of a female cadaver revealed striking vascular anomalies in facial and neck regions.The left facial artery was completely absent; its functions were assumed by two branches of the maxillary. These branches supplied structures normally supplied by them and carried blood to structures typically supplied by the facial artery and its branches. The infraorbital artery replaced the superior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries; the buccal artery replaced the inferior labial artery.Venous drainage of the left side of the face and anterior neck regions involved chiefly a single facial vein which arose typically, crossed the mandible, entered the neck and coursed to the suprasternal space. Turning laterad it entered the subclavian vein lateral to the entrance of the internal jugular.Vascularization of the right side of the face and neck was typical.Additional anomalies involved branches of the subclavian arteries. On the left side, a vertebral artery originated from the thyrocervical trunk and gave off a small inferior thyroid artery and a much smaller muscular banch. No left ascending cervical artery was evident. A dorsal scapular artery arose fom the third part of the subclavian. On the right side, thyrocervical and costocervical trunks were present branching typically but originating in reverse mediolaterad order.All branches from the right subclavian artery, including a dorsal scapular, arose from the first part of the subclavian.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPancreatic homografts were placed in the cheek pouches of normal and diabetic hamsters. Blood samples were taken at intervals for the next four weeks. The results were tabulated according to the fate of the implant: whether it was still growing after three weeks or whether it was rejected prior to that time. Among normal animals with good growth, there was an elevation of both the leucocyte and neutrophil counts, the increase being much greater when the grafts were rejected early. In severe diabetics, the increase in both parameters was less than in the controls, regardless of the fate of the graft. The most striking and consistent changes in the serum proteins involved the alpha‐2 and gamma globulins. Among controls the alpha‐2 fraction was as much as three times normal during the first post‐transplant week while the gamma globulin was elevated up to 80% above normal in the third week. In diabetics, the alpha‐2 fraction tended to be below normal while there was no significant increase in the gamma g

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1. Rats, varying in age from one month to over one year, were used to study the changes in the vascular supply to the molar teeth and periodontium as a result of aging. The blood vessels were demonstrated by the saline‐India‐gelatin perfusion method. The jaws and teeth were fixed in a formol‐acetic acid‐alcohol solution, decalcified, dehydrated, and embedded in nitro‐cellulose in the usual manner. The embedded specimens were sectioned at 100–250 μ, cleared by the Spalteholz method and mounted unstained.2. In immature animals (younger than four months) the pulpal terminal vascular capillary networks were located at the predentin border. As the animals became progressively older, there was a gradual “withdrawal” of the terminal capillary plexuses from the odontoblastic zone so that at eight months of age, all the vascular terminals were restricted in location to the pulpal‐odontoblastic border.3. In the young animal the vessels supplying the periodontal ligament passed gingivally paralleling the bony surface of the membrane with the cemental side being devoid of vessels. During the process of aging, the above basic pattern was altered in the following manner: (a) The apposition of cellular cementum on the apical third of the root was accompanied by the presence of capillary terminals in or adjacent to the layer of cellular cementum. (b) There was a progressive decrease and eventually a loss of the interseptal vessels and their perforating branches. (c) Vascular twigs originating from the main periodontal vascular trunk were found in areas of cemental resorption indicating their need in the

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091440311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY