摘要:

AbstractThe sartorius muscle of ten normal subjects was studied by elec‐tromyography. It is most active during flexion of the hip and only slightly active during lateral rotation and abduction of the hip. The muscle is usually more active during knee flexion than during extension, but this is not universal. Apparently in some persons it plays a role in knee extension in addition to its knee flexion action, depending on knee position and variations in insertion. Sartorius appears to be a regulator in hip flexion and lateral rotation during the swing phase of gai

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe innervation of the acinar cells of the rat parotid gland was studied using potassium permanganate fixation. Adrenergic terminals, characterized by the presence of small granular vesicles, and cholinergic terminals, containing small agranular vesicles, made close contact with the acinar cells. Both adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were observed in contact with the same cell, and subsurface cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum were found in relation to the contact areas of both types of endings. In addition, both adrenergic and cholinergic axons were found within the same Schwann cell sheath in the connective tissue spaces.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring a carbohydrate‐rich diet the liver contains a large amount of evenly distributed glycogen. During a fat‐rich diet glycogen is located mainly in zone 1 of the liver acinus. These results suggest that different acinar enzyme patterns can be induced by different diets. The acinar glycogen patterns remain unchanged during prolonged starvation.The curve of glycogen percentage vs. starvation time has the same general shape as the curve representing the changes in resistance during the general‐adaptation‐s

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe problem of accurately locating muscle spindles within the bulk of skeletal muscle has been the major difficulty in histological evaluation of human muscle spindles and in attempts to record their physiological activity. Entire first Dorsal Interossei were taken from full‐term infants, stained in toto by deCastro's silver technique, serially sectioned or squashed, and individual spindles microdissected for study. A model of the muscle with its extrafusal innervation was constructed and the average number of spindles in five muscles was found to be 47 (range 4C–54). The first Dorsal Interosseus muscle is a bi‐pinnate structure divided by a central tendon which inserts on the proximal first phalanx. The spindles within this muscle are nearly equally distributed between the halves. Most of the spindles are concentrated in two well‐defined regions, a lateral, more distal spindle‐rich region and a medial, more proximal, grouping. Each of these two concentrations consists of approximately one‐third of the spindles present, the remaining one‐third being rather uniformly distributed throughout the muscle mass. An idea of the degree of concentration usually seen is illustrated by finding as many as eight spindles present in a 100X field in cross‐section. This density of concentration and apparent consistency of location within the muscle is expected to facilitate procurement of more adequate numbers of spindles at muscle biopsy and to aid the intramuscular recording from human

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMature female golden hamsters, which had demonstrated regular reproductive cycles, when exposed to 23,000 feet simulated altitude for eight or more days became acyclic. Their ovaries, which were polyfollicular, suggested that LH release or synthesis by the hypophysis had been blocked. Human chori‐onic gonadotrophin (which has LH activity) caused similarly exposed animals to ovulate. When animals which were exposed to high altitude for nine days were returned to control altitude, they ovulated five days later. Starvation for nine days, which has no significant effect on adrenal weight but does cause increased LH dependent ovarian interstitial development at control altitude, failed to do so at 23,000 feet. It is hypothesized that high altitude selectively blocks LH secretions by the hypophysis.High altitude also interrupted pregnancy when treatment lasted four or more days and was begun before day 12. Since follicular development of pregnancy continued normally but corpora lutea regressed and both FSH and prolactin are needed to maintain the hamster corpus luteum, this study suggests the possibility that prolactin secretion is blocked in the pregnant animal at high altitud

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRabbit anti‐rat‐brain serum immunoglobulins injected into pregnant rats on the ninth, tenth, eleventh or twelfth day of gestation resulted in a fetal resorption rate 15 to 30 times higher than that found in normal untreated pregnant rats. Human serum immunoglobulins obtained from normal postpartum mothers produced a similar percentage of fetal resorption when injected by the same routes into pregnant rats of the same gestational age. In neither of the above experiments were malformations detected among the delivered 20‐day fetuses. Injection of human serum immunoglobulins obtained from mothers of children with spina bifida manifesta into pregnant rats along similar routes and periods gave comparable fetal resorption rates. Injection of the above immuno‐globulin into the lumen of the uterus adjacent to implantation sites gave a low fetal resorption rate and produced varying degrees of skeletal and soft tissue malformations among the viable survivors.The only difference which could be discerned between normal postpartum immunoglobulins and those obtained from mothers of spina bifida manifesta children was characterized in the latter by a two‐fold increase in the IgG levels and the immunoelectrophoretic reactivity of its immunoglobulins with human spinal cord antigens. The developmental defects observed were: 1. Cranial‐thinning and bleb formation of skull bones; widening of the foramen magnum; descent of the obex closer to the foramen magnum. 2. Skeletal‐delayed or inhibited calcification of the bodies and spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; widening of the vertebral canal and central canal of th

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hormonal basis of the ‘fatted’ phenomenon in squirrel monkeys was investigated by gonadectomy and androgen treatment of adult males and females. Significant correlations were found between testis weight and body weight and between testis weight and the sharp reductions in body weight that occurred following gonadectomy. of the males. Females lost little, if any weight, following gonadectomy. Androgen treatment of male castrates resulted in increased body size, weight and physical appearance, closely approximating the condition reported to occur in normal males during the mating season. Female castrates responded to androgen treatment with an analogous development of‘fattedness.’ The data suggest that the ‘fatted’ condition observed seasonally in the field is regulated by fluctuations in endogenous androgen levels of males and that females share that characteristic responsiveness

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDevelopment of placental site and uteroplacental arteries was studied inTarsiidae, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, andHominoidea. InTarsiidaethe placental attachment and single artery remain essentially unchanged from early on, and the placenta grows beyond the original site in the shape of a button. InTarsiidaeandCeboideamaternal arteries and their branches are incorporated in the placenta and their wall is replaced later by a layer of fibrin,Ceboideahave several arteries in the original placental site; this site is enlarged including additional arteries by ingrowth of villi from the chorion in an area surrounding the original site. Further growth is by centrifugal spread; the basal endometrium is stretched and no new arteries are tapped. InCercopithecoideathe placenta has a sharp border from early on. Spread with stretching of the underlying endometrium occurs here, too. Additional arteries running in this stretched endometrium are secondarily tapped and increase the total number. The disc ofHominoidea, remaining after formation of the chorion laeve, also stretches the underlying decidua, but then trophoblast pervades much of it until it taps arteries in a much larger area than in the other forms.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mesenchymal specificity of epithelium from the submandibular salivary gland of embryonic mice was re‐investigated employing standard epithelio‐mesenchymal separation and recombination techniques. For this purpose, tissue recombinants were constructed with epithelium and mesenchyme of the submandibular salivary gland and the seminal vesicle, preputial gland, and urogenital sinus. Salivary glands were dissected from 13‐day and the accessory sexual glands from 13– to 19–day old embryos. Tissue recombinants were grown for two to three weeks in the anterior chamber of the eye of adult male hosts.Mesenchyme from accessory sexual glands supported the growth, branching, and differentiation of epithelium from the salivary gland. After three weeks of intraocular growth, most of these heterotypic recombinants were indistinguishable from intraocular grafts of this gland. However, recombinants constructed with mesenchyme from the urogenital sinus or preputial gland exhibited an age dependent developmental response. Mesenchyme from 15‐ to 16‐day old embryos supported normal morphogenesis of the salivary gland, whereas atypical epithelial differentiation occurred when 13‐ or 14‐day old mesenchyme was employed. On the other hand, the reciprocal recombinants composed of mesenchyme from the salivary gland and epithelium derived from accessory sexual glands resulted in abortive epithelial differentiation regardless of the age of the tissues. These results suggest that the mesenchymal specificity of epithelium from the salivary gland may be related to the morphogenetic sensitivity of the heterotypic mesenc

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCapillaries of the skin have been thought to be of a nonfenestrated type according to studies of previous investigators. However, the present study revealed that fenestrations exist in the endothelium of cutaneous vessels. Capillary fenestrations are numerous in the human finger and the mouse sole and are moderately frequent in the guinea pig sole and ear. In the skin of the human chest, however, they are rarely encountered. Sometimes, endothelial fenestrations are encountered in venules as well.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091730210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY