摘要:

AbstractRecorded are the quantitated empirical findings and statistical variations of spatial configurations prevalent among certain cranial and cerebral structures related to the intercommissural line as encountered in 50 stereotactically‐performed, radio‐opaque lateral ventriculograms of the living human. A physicomathematical technique of mensuration was devised to overcome the difficulties that regularly arise when fixed postmortem specimens are employed to study the same relationships. Clearly, the reliability of human stereotactic atlases is a function of the technique of mensuration employed.Mean length of the intercommissural line was 24.50, and Range 20.90 to 30.90 mm. Mean distance from inferiormost aspect of sella turcica to posteriormost aspect of anterior commissure was 28.30, Range 23.80 to 36.60 mm. Mean length of line from “center” of external auditory meatus to anteriormost aspect of posterior commissure was 43.36, Range from 35.2 to 49.3 mm. Mean angle formed by “line” of orbital roof and intercommissural line was 19.78° and Range, 8.50° to 29.50°. Mean angle between Reid's base line and intercommissural line was +0.04°, Range, from −9.90° to +10.20°. Mean angle between line from “center” of external auditory meatus to anteriormost aspect of posterior commissure and Reid's base line was 97.93°, Range 85.40° to 120.45°.The least variable relationships of the six studied were the distances (a) from the external auditory meatus to the posterior commissure and (b) from the floor of the sella turcica

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe tongue has three circumvallate papillae, arranged in a triangle ahead of the foramen caecum. Gustatory buds are found only on the walls of the vallate papillae and at the surface of the fungiform papillae. The gustatory cells contain acetylcholinesterase; the sustentacular cells contain no such enzymes. A subepithelial network of nerve fibers, containing acetyl‐and butyrylcholinesterases is parallel to the surface of the tongue and extends into the connective tissue cores of all papillae. Numerous pleomorphic end organs are found below all four types of papillae. These abound in acetyl‐and butyrylcholinesterases. The dorsal subepithelial blood vessels contain butyrylcholinesterase, and small amounts of acetyl‐cholinesterase. The ventral aspect of the tongue has fewer nerve fibers and end organs than the dorsal surface does. The nerve fibers to the serous glands of von Ebner, and particularly those to the mucous glands contain considerable acetylcholinest

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe yolk nucleus of the young oocyte of reptiles is situated in the juxta‐nuclear cytoplasm. It is a homogeneous spherical mass and histochemical tests indicate that it is rich in RNA and proteins. It constitutes a center of high synthetic activity. Lipid inclusions of diverse nature and mitochondria appear in abundance in association with the yolk nucleus. Eventually the yolk nucleus disintegrates and its RNA‐containing substance as well as the other inclusions are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. During yolk formation, lipid inclusions and mitochondria are absorbed by the cytoplasm but the yolk nucleus substance continues to persist among the growing yolk bodies which arisede novofrom the cytoplasm. This occurs possibly under the activity of RNA‐containing substance of the yolk nucleus, mitochondria and lipid inclu

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relatively strong alkaline phosphatase activity of the subepithelial mesenchyme of the bursa during the period of lympho‐epithelial nodule formation (12–15 days of incubation) and the close association of vascular channels with surface epithelium at sites of nodule formation suggest the possible role of these factors in induction and/or development of these nodules.Experimental inhibition of nodular formation and development may be accomplished by the administration of testosterone prior to the onset of this process (e.g., 12th day of incubation). One‐tenth milliliter (2.5 mg) of testosterone propionate in sesame oil (Schering) was administered on the tenth, eleventh and twelfth days of incubation. Bursas from 136 experimental and 64 control embryos were removed on the thirteenth, fifteenth and eighteenth days of development, fixed in cold 80% ethanol and embedded in paraffin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated by the Gomori's glycerophosphate procedure using incubation times of one‐half, two and four hours at 37°C.Testosterone administered on the twelfth day produced a moderate decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity and markedly reduced nodule formation and subsequent development. When administered on the eleventh day, however, alkaline phosphatase activity was greatly reduced and essentially complete inhibition of nodular formation was accomplished.The possible direct inhibitory effect of testosterone on alkaline phosphatase activity (and possibly other mesenchymal cell functions) and the resulting inhibition of lympho‐epithelial nodule formation during embryogenesis of the bursa of Fabricius is

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult Syrian hamsters were given daily subcutaneous injections of reserpine (1 mg/kg) for one or three days in order to study the fine structural changes in adreno‐medullary cells. Initial alterations of fine structure in animals given one injection and sacrificed 15 hours later. Hamsters treated for three days were adrenalectomized on the left side 24 hours after the last reserpine injection. Following adrenalectomy, animals were allowed to recover for 48 or 96 hours after which the cells of the right adrenal medulla were compared with those of the left.Medullary cell changes 15 hours following one injection of reserpine included partial loss of electron opaque granules and an increase in the number of cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. Medullary cells from the left adrenal glands removed following three subcutaneous injections of reserpine were characterized by a marked loss of electron opaque granules and by the presence of many vesicles and vacuoles distributed throughout the cytoplasm.Forty‐eight hours following unilateral adrenalectomy medullary cells from the remaining right glands exhibited slightly electron opaque granules within the cytoplasm, each of which was surrounded by a smooth surfaced membrane. Cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles had decreased in number. Ninety‐six hours following unilateral adrenalectomy medullary cells from the right glands showed further decreases in numbers of vesicles and vacuoles, and granules which possessed an electron opaqueness comparable to control medullary cells had reappeared within the cyto

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe rat preputial gland is a morphologically complex structure active in both lipid and protein secretion. By electron microscopy, its acinar cells contain an extensively developed endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi vacuoles, where the protein secretory granules apparently arise. As the granules mature, they assume a crystalloid configuration and, after losing their surrounding membranes when the cell degenerates, are deposited in an excretory duct along with lipid and cellular debris. The granules are apparently unrelated either to mitochondria or to tonofiliments, but seem to represent a true protein secretion of the acinar cell itself.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn electron microscopical study was made of the seventh and tenth ventral and dorsal spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves of adult frogs, to determine whether or not tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers extend into the spinal cord and into the periphery. The nerves were exposed under urethane anesthesia, fixed in 1%, veronal acetate‐buffered osmium tetroxide (pH‐7.6) plus 0.495 gr/10 ml sucrose, and refrigerated over two hours. Thin cross and longitudinal sections were made and examined with a Siemens electron microscope. A few tunicated fibers were found in the peripheral nerve, but not in the spinal nerve roots which consisted of myelinated and unmyelinated (Gasser‐type) axons. Therefore, tunicated and sheathed nerve fibers were restricted to sympathetic ganglia. This was the more likely, because intrinsic neurons are absent in the sympathetic, and nearly all axons are myelinated in caudal rami communicantes. It was further suggested that preganglionic fibers, after entering, and postganglionic fibers before leaving the sympathetic ganglion changed their myelin sheaths, and appeared as tunicated and sheathed fibers. No structural differences between afferent and efferent cholinergic or adrenergic fibers could be detected in spinal roots. Large vesicles with dark centers, probably containing catecholamine, and dense punctate granules, occurring in sympathetic fibers, were virtually absent in spinal root f

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091460101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY