摘要:

AbstractQuantitative anatomical descriptions (morphometry) of the tracheobronchial airways are of importance in many applications including the preparation of successful mathematical models describing airflow patterns and deposition patterns of airborne particles in the lung. Morphometric data are also useful in studies of comparative anatomy and in describing normal and diseased states of an organ. The collection of such data is aided by the use of idealized models of airway branches of the tracheobronchial airways. Morphometric measurements from the lungs of several mammalian species are presented using a model that consists of three connected tubular segments. The morphometric model uniquely defines an identification number for each branch segment, a branching angle, an airway segment length and diameter, an inclination of a segment to gravity and the degree of alveolarization of each segment. Designed to be compatible with computerized data handling, the model is unambiguous and realistic, but flexible so that anomalous anatomical structures can be classified and noted. Morphometric data describing the variation of structure with depth in the tracheobronchial airways are presented in the form of graphical representations of anatomical measurements on replica casts of the human, dog, rat and hamster airways. These distributions describe the anatomical character of the tracheobronchial airways concisely, quantitatively, and characteristically for each species.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of the middle ear and tympanum ofGallus gallushas been studied in embryos Hamilton‐Hamburger stages 20‐46. Particular attention was paid to the pattern of expansion of the pharyngeal pouch forming the tympanic cavity, and the histogenesis of the tissues of the region of the vestibular window. It is concluded that pouch expansion is brought about by simple epithelial growth into regions devoid of mesenchyme. The mesenchyme does not show significant cell death, but differentiates as connective tissue, macro‐phages, and sinus vascular spaces. The epithelium of the mature cavity is of endo‐dermal origin, and there is no indication of celomic contributions. We provide a detailed morphological analysis of the development of the footplate from cells of both the second visceral arch and the otic capsule. These detailed observations on the patterns of chondrification of columella and capsular tissues permit the presentation of a model for cellular interactions leading to the differentiation of the annular l

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat and the popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes in the rabbit was examined by light microscopy. Special emphasis has been laid on the initial lymphocyte population in the lymph node anlage. In the rat on the seventeenth day of gestation lymphoid cells populate a limited mesenchymal area along the vein wall. The next day the mes‐enchyme shows a bulb‐shaped outgrowth causing an indentation in the wall of a lymph vessel, running parallel to the vein and having a saccular widening at this place. The bulb‐shaped lymphoid outgrowth fills up the widened lymph vessel; the subcapsular sinus originates from the remaining parts of the lymph vessel. At birth the lymph node can be divided into a primitive cortex consisting of an area with evenly scattered lymphocytes among the basic network of reticular cells and a medulla. About three days after birth an ovoid area containing a dense concentration of lymphocytes is observed in the inner cortex. In the next days it expands in both lateral and medullary direction but not into the outer cortex. Primary follicles appear in the outer cortex 18 days after birth.The development of the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes in the rabbit shows the same characteristics as the histogenesis of the popliteal lymph node in the rat.The morphogenesis of the lymph node is summarized in a schematic di

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe actions of the deep and superficial portions of the ptery‐goideus muscle and the depressor mandibulae were studied in the agamid lizard,Uromastix aegyptius, using fine wire electrodes. The EMG signals were recorded, while simultaneously recording the jaw positions during feeding on movie film at 32 fps. Muscle activity varies with different types of food. The deep and superficial portions of the pterygoideus performed different functions. The deep ptery‐goideus functioned during opening of the jaws, presumably to protract the jaw. The superficial pterygoideus was strictly a jaw elevator. The depressor mandibu‐lae is not the initiator of jaw opening. When biting on tough food items, the deep pterygoideus and depressor mandibular were a

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prefusion epithelium of human palatal processes was examined for evidence of specialization which might facilitate epithelial adherence with the opposing palatal process. A surface coat stained with ruthenium red (RR) was found on all apical aspects of the palatal epithelium. In the prefusion regions, RR staining was also observed in the spaces between the superficial cells of the epithelium and in necrotic cells. Adjacent oral and nasal epithelium excluded the RR below the level of the apical junctional complex. In the absence of RR, a dense material was observed in the most superficial intercellular spaces of the prefusion region. Many superficial cells in the area were in various stages of necrosis. The combination of degenerating surface cells and an accumulation of a poly‐anionic substance such as glycoprotein may facilitate epithelial adherence between opposing human palatal processe

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdrenergic and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)‐positive nerves were studied in the rat ovary four days after various experimental denervation procedures. Ablation of pelvic parasympathetic nerves (pelvic neurectomy [PN]) or abdominal vagotomy (AV) had no obvious affect on the adrenergic or AChE‐positive nerves in the ovary. Section of the mesovarium resulted in the loss of all histochemically demonstrable adrenergic and AChE‐positive nerves. Chemical sympathectomy with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐HD) resulted in the loss of all histo‐chemically demonstrable adrenergic nerves. A few AChE‐positive nerves remained in the hilar and medullary regions following chemical sympathectomy. When the presumptive parasympathectomy procedures (AV and PN) were combined with chemical sympathectomy, again no adrenergic nerves remained, however a few hilar and medullary AChE‐positive fibers persisted after sympathec‐tomy plus PN, but no AChE‐positive fibers were demonstrable in the AV plus 6‐HD group.These findings show that most of the AChE in ovarian nerves is localized in adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that the few AChE‐positive fibers remaining in the ovarian hilar area after 6‐HD treatment or 6‐HD plus PN are derived from the vagus. These few AChE‐positive nerves may be postganglionic vagal parasympathetic

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe L‐proline analog, L‐azetidine‐2‐carboxylic acid, (LACA) was injected into embryonated eggs of the common fowl,Gallus domesticusat daily doses of 350 μg/egg on one or several days between 8 and 12 days of incubation. Treatment at nine‐days of incubation preferentially retarded embryonic growth to the twelfth day but recovery of growth rate occurred by 15 days of incubation. Relationships between growth and LACA‐inhibited aspects of collagenogenesis are discussed.The earliest aged embryos from which isolated stem cells from membrane bones will form secondary cartilage is ten days of incubation. Secondary chondro‐genesis on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone of the skull, was inhibited by treatment of whole embryos with LACA at nine days of incubation but not by treatment at eight days. We concluded that an event involving collagen began at nine days of incubation, was blocked by LACA, and was part of the process of chondrogenic determination of these stem cells. Addition of LACA to the medium in which already determined stem cells from the quadratojugal were cultured prevented expression of the chondrogenic phenotype. This proline analog is then a useful probe for events relating both to determination and to expression of the differentiated state, and allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the role of col‐lagenogenesis

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSupraependymal cells in the third ventricle of neonatal male and female rats were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Supraependymal cells in the third ventrical of adult male rats were also studied with SEM. Many neonate supraependymal cells were round to oval in shape and exhibited varying degrees of surface irregularity. Small finger‐like processes or narrow pseudopodia projected from the cell bodies over the underlying ependymal cells. Some neonatal supraependymal cells exhibited flattened cell bodies with broad pseudopodia and few surface irregularities. TEM revealed a variety of cell profiles. Prominent within the cytoplasm of many supraependymal cells were lysosomes, smooth and coated vesicles suggesting pinocytosis, subplasmalemma vacuoles, and occasional lipid droplets. The morphological characteristics of neonatal supraependymal cells suggested they were mononuclear phagocytes. Adult supraependymal cells exhibited more pleomorphic cell shapes with numerous cell processes, varying widely in size and shape, and often extending over the ventricular surface for considerable distances. These observations, in combination with previous studies by other investigators, suggest that some adult supraependymal cells may also be phagocytic in nature. The differences in morphology between adult and neonatal supraependymal phagocytes may relate to the differing third ventricle environment between adult and neonates and/or differences in the origin of the phagocytes with ag

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMouse uterine glandular epithelium during the lactationally delayed implantation period and after estradiol induction of implantation was investigated using light and electron microscopy. During the delayed implantation period the lumen of this simple tubular gland is narrowed. The glandular epithelial cells have a well developed Golgi complex lateral to the nucleus, and numerous cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and many electron lucent apical vesicles of sizes up to 0.2 μm in diameter near the luminal border. The basal region contains lipid droplets and dispersed, irregular cisternae of RER. Twenty‐four hours after the administration of 17β‐estradiol the glandular lumina become dilated but the luminal content does not stain with azure B. Ultrastructurally the glandular cells are not remarkably different from those seen during the delay period. However, by 48 hours after estradiol administration the glandular lumina are not only dilated but filled with material which stains intensely with azure B and is ultrastructurally dense and homogeneous. The apical region of the glandular cells contains granules up to 0.4 μm in diameter composed of electron dense material similar in density to that seen in the glandular lumen. In addition, the Golgi complex has assumed a position apical to the nucleus, and the basal RER has an increased number and more orderly arrangement of cisternae.The changes seen in the uterine glands after the induction of implantation during the delay period are apparently indicative of increased secretory activity of the glandular epithelia. However, the contribution of the glands to the changes in uterine fluid composition has yet to be estab

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOvarian cysts which developed spontaneously from the rete ovarii in the ovaries of guinea pigs have been examined in 1‐ and 2‐year‐old animals by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two cell types have been described, a tufted cell with numerous motile cilia and a non‐tufted cell with a solitary cilium. While the non‐tufted cell exhibited numerous smooth coated vesicles in its lateral and basal regions, no signs of secretion to the lumen of the cyst have been seen and occluding junctions have not been

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091900211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY